Is Willy Loman A Tragic Character - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 415 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/31 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Death Of A Salesman Essay Did you like this example? In the play by Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman, the character Willy Loman is in my view the tragic character. His problems come from the delusions in his mind, his lack of understanding towards his family and the American Dream turning into a nightmare because of his personal flaws. His way of thinking is the biggest flaw, he is always consumed with his own desires and dreams that he is stubborn enough to ignore anything that contradicts his beliefs. He is convinced that by being liked he can gain wealth and through wealth comes the ultimate success. Dont say hes a great man. Willy Loman never made a lot of money. His name was never in the paper. Hes not the finest character that ever lived. But hes a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid. Hes not to be allowed to fall into his grave like an old dog. Attention, attention must finally paid to such a person (Act 1, 40). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is Willy Loman A Tragic Character?" essay for you Create order This is relevant to the modern world because every man is trying to find their true self in todays commercialized world. Everyone feels like they should get a break, and that because they think they deserve wealth and have popularity they should be recognized. Although allot of the time hard work isnt being put out rather its the delusion that they are entitled. People need to wake up and realize that everything is not really what it appears to be. Willy is unable to learn from his mistakes and realize where he is causing wrong, when he has an affair with a Woman and Biff discovers his fathers infidelity Willy continues with his dreams disregarding the consequences. Biffrs life is completely destroyed and Willy fails to realize the real reason for his sons failure. He wants pity but he cant even teach his own children how to live successfully (at least they get $20,000 from his insurance). Willy later realizes that he will never amount to the successful businessman he wanted to be, failure after failure, he commits suicide. Willyrs tragedy comes from the misconception of the American Dream. He believed that success came from superficial qualities such as being liked. He chose to become a salesman for social acceptance and lied so much to himself and others, as well as lost sight of the importance of his family. After his death he gains freedom and an escape from his life; this makes him the tragic character.

Essay about Jane Eyre Obstacles and Love - 1457 Words

Jane Eyre Obstacles and love The novel, Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte is a story about a young orphaned girl and her quest for love. Jane, the young girl searches for love and acceptance through each setting; Gateshead, Lowood, Thornfield, Moor House, and Ferndean. Throughout these points in her life, the maturation and identity recognition of Jane becomes visible. It is only when, Jane flees from Rochester and Thornfield, and spends time at Moor House, that her maturation to womanhood is completed. In this moment, Jane is able to come back to Rochester as an independent woman, knowing that she has a desire to love, and to be loved. If we look at the world, through Janes eyes we see that she is a strong girl who wants to†¦show more content†¦People think you a good woman, but you are bad; hard-hearted. YOU are deceitful! (Bronte, 41). With this statement, Jane marks her first step of independence, stating that she will no longer be a secondary member in her aunts house. At Lowood, a school which Jane is sent away to, she is again given the name of an orphaned, low-life, troublesome girl. Mr. Brocklehurst, the head of the school, exposes her, saying This girl, who might be one of Gods own lambs, is a little castaway: not a member of the true flock, but evidently an interloper and an alien. You must be on your guard against her, you must shun her example: if necessary, avoid her company, exclude her from your sports, and shut her out from your converse. -- This girl is --a liar! (Bronte, 78). Even though Jane feels she is back at step zero, she is comforted by her first true friend, Helen Burns, who is another student at Lowood. Helen teaches Jane that love is in the form of religion. When Mr. Brocklehurst, exposes her in front of the school, she tries to accept it and go on. Jane still longs for human affection and is tremendously hurt with this accusation. Jane tells Helen, If other dont love me, I would rather die than live. (Bronte, 81) Helen tells her that she thinks to much of the love of the human beings. Helen has been Janes rock through the first months of Lowood. When Helen, dies from Typhus, she leaves Jane, saying, that I believe: IShow MoreRelatedThe Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «1395 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Your task is not to seek for love, but merely to seek to find all the barriers within yourself that you have built against it.† - Jalalad-din-Rumi The Night Circus by Erin Morgenstern and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «, both show two people that are fated to meet within forbidden circumstances that should have prevented them from being together but causes them to push against the destiny laid out. Night Circus by Morgenstern shows the main characters, Celia Bowen and Marco Alisdair, slowly developRead MoreWuthering Heights and Jane Eyre Essay809 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Bronte and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte countless comparisons of eternal love can be made. Characters within Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre overcame the constraints society had upon them, what appeared to be their destinies and characters were able to overcome themselves. These obstacles were lengthy struggles that characters within each novel were faced with and went through immense pain all for love. The love that characters felt for each other was able to conquer all obstacles that they wereRead MoreJane Eyre, The Bluest Eye, And Feminism1422 Words   |  6 Pages2015 Jane Eyre, The Bluest Eye, and Feminism Feminism. It’s a big concept in society today, but has it always been that way? Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte is a famous work on the basis of her own experiences. In this novel, the author shapes a tough and independent woman who pursues true love and equality. In the Victorian period, the image of Jane Eyre cast a sharp contrast to the man-dominated society. She stands for a new lady who has the courage to fight for her own rights and love. â€Å"TheRead MoreEssay about Finding the Balance of Love and Freedom in Jane Eyre1339 Words   |  6 PagesSimilar to many of the great feministic novels of its time, Jane Eyre purely emerges as a story focused on the quest for love. The novel’s protagonist, Jane, searches not only for the romantic side of love, but ultimately for a sense of self-worth and independence. Set in the overlapping times of the Victorian and Gothic periods, the novel touches upon both women’s supposed rights, and their inner struggle for liber ty. Orphaned at an early age, Jane was born into a modest lifestyle, without any major parentRead MoreThe Pursuit of Human Freedom in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening and Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre1749 Words   |  7 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s The Awakening and Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre, one of the most prevalent and recurring themes and ideas relates to human freedom. The main characters in the two novels, Edna Pontellier and Jane Eyre, both long for social, religious, and sexual emancipation among other things – freedom from the constraints of Victorian society, which have rendered them dependent and inferior to men. While it is true that both protagonists of their respective novels wanted emancipation, their livingRead MoreJane Eyre s Inner Conflict884 Words   |  4 PagesJane’s Inner Conflict In the novel Jane Eyre, Jane is often taken forced to make life changing decisions. Her decisions not only affect her own life and those around her, but also provide a model of a modern woman who is free from the social expectations for women living in her era. From a young age, Jane was taught the mindset that she must be independent and fight for her place. She was neglected as a child while living at Gateshead and often left to fend for herself. She was frequently lockedRead MoreThe Development of the Gothic Heroine1300 Words   |  6 Pagesparticularly the heroines of Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights by Charlotte and Emily Brontà « respectively. While gothic fiction is typically remembered for combining the horror and romantic genres, it also contains some of the strongest heroines of 19th century literature. Much of the development done by gothic heroines can be traced into one generalized pattern. The heroine of Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights, Jane Eyre and Cathy Linton, are no exception to this trend. In order for Jane and Cathy to whollyRead MoreEssay Role of Faith in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre708 Words   |  3 PagesFaith in Jane Eyre      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontes inspirational novel, religion is embraced through a series of spiritual explorations. Bronte portrays Janes character and zest for religion by revealing Janes transitions from Gateshead to Lowood, Lowood to Thornfield, and Thornfield to Moor House. Each location plays a significant role in the development of Janes perspective on religion. Jane struggles to acquire true faith in God, which will help her overcome the obstacles of herRead MoreJane Eyre 780 Words   |  4 PagesJane Eyre Theme Essay (rough draft) Independence, the capacity to manage ones own affairs, make one’s own judgments, and provide for one’s self. Jane Eyre herself is a very independent woman. Throughout her life she has depended on very few people for very little. Charlotte Brontà « wants the reader to learn that independence can open many doors of possibilities. Jane in her younger years was practically shunned by everyone and was shown very little love and compassion, from this throughoutRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of Jane Eyre1378 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Beckis English 3, Period C 5 December 2015 Literary Criticism Essay In her book Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontà « writes of a fictional tale in which the protagonist, Jane Eyre, overcomes many obstacles, such as dishonesty and social class, in order to marry her love: Mr. Rochester. The Victorian Era is characterized by the great inequality between men and women in terms of societal standing. As a result, Jane is a victim of this ‘norm’ and is directly affected when she is kept in the dark about

Why Music Should Not Be Taken from Our School Day Free Essays

Why Music is Important!!! Why were lullabies invented? They soothe children and calm their reactions to stress. This in turn reduces the stress in the entire family. Over time, children memorize lullabies and start to sing them. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Music Should Not Be Taken from Our School Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now Music is often a huge part of childhood. A toy piano, drums, xylophones and guitars are favorite toys for children. Parents and grandparents should encourage children to experience music. A great way to do this is to provide toy instruments to the children. These don’t have to be expensive. Children can play and enjoy their own music. While they may not develop professional talent, they will gain an understanding of music that will help them relax in the future. As they get older, consider music lessons. Qualified instructors can teach children how to play the piano, a skill that they can use for life. Your child’s school may have a music or band program. Check out all of the available options that will give a musical education to children. There may be an old instrument in the family somewhere. Ask around. Do you have musicians as friends? They may have an unused instrument that they are will to part with. If you are creative, you’ll find an appropriate instrument for you child. With it, they can truly expand their musical abilities. If they are lucky, their school may still have a vibrant musical program that they can join. It’s a sad fact that in these days of budget pressures for schools, early funding victims are often music programs. This is usually due to the lack of perceived direct benefit from music. This is unfortunate because while music students don’t earn sponsorship dollars from their activities, they bring calmness and civility to the school. This is a direct, positive influence on the music students and to those students exposed to the sounds. With the reality of budgets, it is more important than ever that parents advocate for music funding in schools, that they provide musical avenues to their children themselves and that they encourage and support more live performance music where ever it is available in their communities. Musical appreciation comes best through the playing of an instrument to a degree that far surpasses mere listening to iTunes. To give children a chance to calm down, it is important to instill musical appreciation from a young age. Your child doesn’t have to be a musical prodigy, they just have to enjoy music for their own pleasure. Children who love music will often surprise you with their ability. Give them a chance to show what they can do. Keep emphasizing that music is fun. Obviously parents and grandparents support music for children. This lens has been liked over 200 times. It has also received dozens of fabulous comments in the sections below. This is great news. Make sure that you follow through with your support by getting the children involved in music. Talk to them about your passion for music. Find a nice instrument that they want to play. Encourage them to sing. Volunteer to help school music programs. Music as a Career Many children find that they can translate their love of music into a career. This is obviously a difficult, and rare, undertaking. The book â€Å"Outliers† by Malcolm Gladstone says that 10,000 hours of practice are required to become an expert at something. The Beatles did it back in 1964. The â€Å"Fab 4† became rich with their music. Talent is required, but so is dedication. Without encouragement, however, your child is not likely going to work in the music industry. That and luck. If they want to try, beware of the difficulties, but help them. The Internet has completely changed the music industry, although the big publishing companies don’t like to admit it. New artists can publish and promote their own work and be incredibly successful. There are funding opportunities for albums or concert tours. Publishing to the web offers various revenue streams. An incredible demand for new material always exists. Budding performers can get a piece of the action if they have the talent, drive and luck. Justin Bieber did it. There will be more young superstars discovered in the future. !!! Cutting arts programs would be a tremendous loss for every student. Whether you’re naturally more artistic or not, learning how to think creatively is a very important skill. Just focusing on certain subjects for too long can cause boredom and stress. I know that being involved with music helps me relieve the stress of preparing for state testing. But are these examinations really what we should be focusing all our time and energy on? One test can’t express your intelligence or creativity like art can. Music, as well as art, p. . , science, social studies, history, and geography are all important and should be taught to all children, no matter how poorly they are doing, or how poor their families are. For some, it may be the spark that ignites their desire to learn, for others it may set the foundation for them to understand higher thinking skills, for others it may be the reason they stay in school, for others†¦. . Several studies have reported positive associations between music education and increased abilities in non-musical (eg, linguistic, mathematical, and spatial) domains in children. The authors say there are similarities in the way that individuals interpret music and language and â€Å"because neural response to music is a widely distributed system within the brain†¦. it would not be unreasonable to expect that some processing networks for music and language behaviors, namely reading, located in both hemispheres of the brain would overlap. † To see each other through each other’s eyes~ president Obama It teaches us to understand and get to know those who are not like us That sense of belonging, having a healthy perspective on weighty issues and the ability to self-individuate may be never fully realized, even in a lifetime. What is necessary in the microsociety of high school is a sturdy vessel in which to navigate a safe and fulfilling journey to the next transition. In high school, music programs are that vehicle. Our drummer, Paulo Baldi, for instance, lived in three states as a teenager (Colorado, New Mexico and Washington) while attending four different high schools. Joining the marching band in each unfamiliar place helped to connect his high school experience. He made friends through each transition, and it made comfortable what could have otherwise been an alienating experience. Paulo Baldi testifies that, â€Å"Marching band in particular is the savior for people who may or may not be athletic. Marching band is music, memorization, eye-hand coordination and good for your posture. It may hurt to be told your paradiddles suck, but it builds character. It’s a team sport. You create friendships that become your buddies for life. High school music is something focused to do. You don’t have to be great to belong, and members immediately have something in common. † Aside from the social benefits, students in high school music programs have higher test scores and cognitive development. A U. S. Department of Education study found that those who reported consistent involvement in instrumental music over the middle and high school years show significantly higher levels of mathematics proficiency by grade 12. (This observation holds regardless of students’ socioeconomic status. ) Additionally, students who learn to play an instrument develop a greater language capacity and a greater ability to learn a new language. In another context, it is invaluable to gain a wider perspective on cultural history by being exposed to centuries of our rich cultural heritage. Have you Forgotten? Daryll Worthy Where were you when the world stopped turning on that September day? Alen Jackson Lone Star Already there. on the record Exploring America’s orchestras†¦ with Henry Fogel Ifeel that today there is a serious distortion of values in the world – a set of values that puts the short term ahead of the long term, that puts financial achievement ahead of ethical standards, and a set of values that increasingly diminishes the worth of intellectual achievement and of human expression. In fact, when future generations look back and judge the civilizations and societies of the past, it is first and foremost the cultural and artistic achievements of those societies that are spoken of. To be sure, engineering and scientific achievements are a part of the picture of any society – even a major part. But whether it is Homer, Shakespeare, Mozart, Beethoven, Rembrandt, Picasso, James Baldwin, Garcia Lorca, or Leonard Bernstein – the artists and the art they created express the deepest and most profound thoughts of the civilizations in which they lived and worked. And it is the achievements of those artists that, in fact, define civilizations, define humanity. And if we aren’t educating our young people to the standards of those achievements, how can we in fact call it education? So then the question is how can we find common ground – common ground occupied by you in the world of music educators and us in the world of symphony orchestras – to work together to enhance the state of music education in the school systems of America? And that is what I’d like to speak about today. We have actually done much together – some things that all of you might not be aware of. Throughout 2006, the American Symphony Orchestra League led a coalition effort, including collaboration with MENC, to develop a national unified statement regarding the benefits of arts education. This paper is being used on the Hill in Washington this year as an advocacy tool for communicating the benefits of arts education to federal lawmakers as they begin the process of re-authorizing the No Child Left Behind Act. This re-authorization process will be a multi-year effort and has already begun with public and private hearings and town hall meetings. The messages outlined in Arts Education: Creating Student Success in School Work and Life directly communicate the benefits of arts education to policymakers. More than 60 organizations are signatories on this unified statement – and they represent an impressive cross-section of stakeholders in federal education policy. Here is a brief sample of the kind of statement included in that document: A child’s education is not complete unless it includes the arts. In fact, the No Child Left Behind Act lists the arts among the core academic subjects, requiring schools to enable all students to achieve in the arts, and to reap the full benefits of a comprehensive arts education. In spite of this federal direction, access to arts education in our schools is eroding. A report from the Center for Education Policy conclude that, since the enactment of No Child Left Behind, 22% of school districts surveyed have reduced instructional time for art and music†¦. A comprehensive strategy for a complete education includes rigorous, sequential arts instruction in the classroom, as well as participation and learning in available community-based arts programs. Public schools have the responsibility for providing a complete education for all children, meeting the commitment put forth in No Child Left Behind. The federal commitment to arts education must be strengthened so that the arts are implemented as a part of the core curriculum of our nation’s schools and are an integral part of every child’s development. So clearly one way in which we already work together is to collaborate on advocacy, to sound the alarm together, and to lead our society back to a place where arts education is indeed central to education curricula, and not an add-on, or an â€Å"extra frill† to be indulged if there happens to be money left in a budget or time left in a schedule. Another area in which we can work together is to insist on, and help to bring about, meaningful, comprehensive research on the status and quality of arts education in our nation’s schools, and on the impact of arts education on future citizens. Even some of those things that people like to call â€Å"un-measurable,† are, in fact, measurable if you care enough to find the metrics with which to measure them. We know that arts education improves problem-solving abilities, and we know that in particular music education – particularly making music – develops skills in working together with others for a common result in a way that virtually nothing else can. We know it anecdotally, we know it instinctively, we know it deep within our gut. And best of all we know that there is some hard data that can document this. The American Symphony Orchestra League has compiled highlights from this research in our Music Education Advocacy Tools, available at our website. Much of the best evidence is drawn from Arts Education Partnership reports, including Critical Links: Learning in the Arts and Student Academic and Social Development. Nonetheless, we can, and we must, lead to more research that provides even more evidence of the benefits of music education. We can probably do a better job together than we have in collecting, analyzing, and reporting on the considerable data that already exists, as well as bringing about more research. The most urgent need, however, is for good information about the true state of arts education in our schools. We currently are forced to rely on anecdote and spare data to illustrate the music education is being squeezed out as increased attention is given to math, reading, and science. How much arts education is being delivered to our nation’s students, and how are they learning the arts? The U. S. Department of Education has the tools and the responsibility to collect this data, but simply has not made it a priority to do so. A report on the status of arts education is more than two years overdue – this at a time when policymakers are contemplating major changes to the way the federal government supports our public schools. The League is partnering with MENC to urge Congress to compel the U. S. Department of Education to collect this data. Sound information about the status of music education is a crucial underpinning to advocacy efforts at the community level as well. At the state and local levels, orchestras and music educators can partner effectively to advocate for better data in this area. We at the American Symphony Orchestra League are heavily involved with orchestras’ education and community programs, and with youth orchestras throughout America. But we also know and fully appreciate that orchestra programs are not a substitute for professional music teachers in our school systems. The programs that our field operates must, to be effective, work in cooperation and conjunction with in-school programs taught by school-based music teachers. That is the key to meaningful music education. We can be key partners in augmenting and enriching school programs, but we must be seen as supporters of, advocates for, and contributors to, multi-year, sustained, sequential, school-based programs. We are not substitutes for that. There are many orchestras that have deeply embedded partnerships with their local school systems – in communities of all sizes, from New York, Boston San Francisco and Saint Louis, to Mobile, and Kalamazoo. The same is true of community cultural organizations. Youth orchestras and community music schools are part of the fabric of the arts-education community. All have a role to play, but that role is in the context of the main school being at the center. The ideal for a child participating in a community orchestra, or studying at a community music school, is that he or she was inspired to do so because the exposure to and love for music was introduced and sustained in school. These other resources are extensions. In the ideal, these out-of-school opportunities cannot occur only by virtue of family interest, resources, or priorities. We at the League celebrate the growth and vitality of our youth orchestras†¦. full of the energetic, bright, high-achieving young people whom we know are not only the musicians of tomorrow, but also the next generation of teachers, school board members, parents, civic leaders, audience members and arts-education advocates. At the same time, we wonder if this segment of our sector is growing in part because, for the families that value music education the inconsistent presence of strong, sequential school-based music programs is not meeting their expectations for their children. We need strong resources – in school and out of school. Youth orchestras should be supplementing musical experiences in our nation’s schools, not replacing them. Part of the problem that we all face is that much of what we know about the value of the arts, and music in particular, is not easily reduced to numbers, to quantities. And our world is full of people, many of them in positions of power, who love the simplicity of numbers, the black-and-white nature of numbers. When one tries to discuss the humanizing qualities of music to people like that, one is often flummoxed, because they want graphs and charts. â€Å"What do you mean,† they’ll say, â€Å"by music’s power to bridge chasms in human understanding? Document it, please! † Well†¦ I can’t document it with graphs – but every year of my life spent in music makes me more certain of that quality in music. And exhibit A for me is not a chart – it is an orchestra, a very specific orchestra. Many of you may know of it – some of you perhaps don’t. It’s called the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, and it is now in its seventh year of existence. Founded by Daniel Barenboim, it consists of Arabs, Palestinians, and Israeli Jews – and every year for three or four weeks they live together, eat together, rehearse and perform together. My wife and I were a part of that orchestra from the beginning – and that first year was an experience I shall never forget. Daniel Barenboim, and Yo-Yo Ma working with him, assembled this group of young musicians, ages 17-25, and brought them together in Weimar, Germany. In addition to forming an orchestra, Barenboim and Ma invited them to form chamber music groups which they, Barenboim and Ma, would coach in preparation for a chamber music concert to take place the night before the orchestra concert. There was only one rule – no all Jewish chamber group, and no all Arab/Palestinian group. The resulting chamber music concert was 3 ? ours long – and each group only played one movement, not whole pieces – or it would have gone on forever. To sit there and watch, for instance, a movement from a Brahms Clarinet trio, played by an Egyptian, a, Syrian, and an Israeli was one of the most moving experiences of my life – to see these kids working out musical problems together, leaning into each others’ phrases, and embracing each other while receiving applause – this was a ll the charting and graphing I will ever need to demonstrate what it is that music can do that nothing else can. We know this – you and I and those who are in our fields know this. The question is how can we work together to help the rest of the world to know it – and to get the value, the human value of this art form across to those who determine what we teach our future citizens? I don’t know the answer to that question. But I do know, in our increasingly troubled world with an ever greater need for human understanding across national and religious and cultural lines, the intrinsic value of the art form we all love is more needed than ever. You and we – you who teach music and we who organize into groups that perform it – must work together with renewed energy and vigor to imprint on our society the value, the centrality, of music. America’s orchestras are committed to advocating for better music education in our nation’s schools. Starting from the tradition of stand-alone school concerts and family concerts, orchestras now offer small ensemble performance, residencies, long term partnerships, after-school and summer camps, instrumental instruction and a host of other activities. Inherent in most of these programs are deeply embedded partnerships with local school systems, and responsiveness to local, state, and national arts and academic standards. While these programs provide an opportunity for young people to develop a lifelong relationship with music and the orchestra, none of these is capable of replacing an ongoing sequential K-12 music education. While a comprehensive strategy for music education includes participation and learning in orchestra education programs, schools have the unique capacity to deliver high-quality music education. Edward Elgar set a poem by Arthur O’Shaughnessy in 1912 – it is called The Music Makers. I quote it here for you because it seems so central to what we are all about. â€Å"You shall teach us your song’s new numbers, and things that we dreamed not before: Bring hither your sun and your summers, and renew our world of yore. We are the music makers. And we are the dreamers of dreams. † Thank you. Beautifully said! I wonder if, in the course of gathering data about the current state of music education in public schools, there is any way to compare it with public schools of decades ago. The fact that 22% of districts have reduced art and music instructional time since the enactment of No Child Left Behind is disturbing — but it’s also a comparison that may not hit home for legislators, because they were already long out of school when the baseline of that comparison was happening. On the other hand, a comparison of (say) instructional time, class sizes, curricula, and student participation rates between the present and (pick a year in each of) the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, might really bring home to legislators that things today are not as they remember them from their own school days. It might show how far we’ve gone, in the same way that losing a tiny percentage of forest a year doesn’t feel like much, but hearing that a region has lost half its tree cover since 1950 can be a real eye-opener. It gives students the opportunity to create something beautiful and also to challenge them. Music uses both sides of the brain and uses math all the time!!! Jack Stamp Richard Simmons~ Parents and kids that sweat together live longer together!!! Childhood Obesity: Quality Physical Education as a Solution How to cite Why Music Should Not Be Taken from Our School Day, Papers

Evaluation of The Monetary Policy Stabilizing The Euro Currency

Question: Describe about the Evaluation of The Monetary Policy for Stabilizing The Euro Currency. Answer: Introduction The European central bank is a part of the euro system and is responsible for maintain and framing and implementing the euro system monetary and economic policy. The European central bank has the responsibility of area comprising of twelve various countries having different economic and cultural background. The main and primary objective of ECB is to maintain the price stability so that the purchasing power of the single currency is preserved. The mission of the central bank of Europe is to safeguard the value of euro and maintaining the price stability and thus serving the people of Europe (Oldani 2012). The ECB contributes to the banking system in terms of its soundness and safety. Specific tasks are carried out by the central bank in various areas such as macroprudential policy, bank notes, financial stability and banking supervision including the international cooperation. The bank is primarily held accountable for the representation of the European citizens. As such, its primary responsibility is the financial welfare of the European citizens in the country . Therefore, it is necessary that the transparent and the honest financial policies to prevent any discrepancy and threats that can harm the financial condition of the business entity. The framework of the ECB has faced substantial changes due to the transfer of the monitory policy at the community level (Belke and Volz 2015). The European central bank works with all European Union countries national banks. The cooperation between the central banks leads to the creation of the Euro system. It comprises of the three governing bodies and this includes Governing council, General council and the Executive board (Albu et al. 2014). The role of the Governing council is to define the monetary policy of Euro zone and is responsible for fixing the interest rate that is the lending rate of the commercial banks from the European Central bank. The General council contributes to the coordination of work, advise and prepare the new countries in joining the euro (Alessi et al. 2014). The executive board is responsible for implementing the monetary policies and it has power, which is exercised due to the delegation by the Government council. The day to day operations is managed by the executive board and is responsible for preparing the meeting of the Government council (Cassola and Koulischer 2014). The strategies followed by ECB in maintain the price stability comes from the monetary policy and it is based on the quantitative definition of the same. The policy is then channeled through the transmission mechanism to the real economy (Allard et al. 2013). The monitory policy intentions and the interest rates are steered through a set of procedures and instruments such as standing facilities, open market operations, deposit facilities, and maintaining minimum reserve requirement (Aysan et al. 2014). The bank has conducted the monetary policy using the standards measures from the very beginning when it came into existence until the time of global crisis. On the other hand, the non-standard measures used by the ECB include program related to securities market, outright monetary transactions and the program of purchasing assets (Bauer and Neely 2014). However, such non-standard measures faced criticism along with the praise that it received. The bank has the authority of producing th e euro banknotes. It is also responsible for managing the foreign currencies reserves of Eurozones and also balances the exchange rates by intervening in the selling and buying of the currencies so as to stabilize the home currency (Allard et al. 2013). The framework of European Central Bank and Euro system The European Union is a common economic and monetary union and the responsibility of the monetary policy with the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and the European Central Bank (ECB). The basis of the common monetary policy is laid down in the Treaty of European Union and the statue of European System of Central Banks and of the European Central (Belke and Volz 2015). The formal aspect of the ECBS has two levels the European Central Bank and the national central banks of the member states and this together constitutes the euro system. The functioning of Euro system is governed by the principles of decentralized execution of monetary policy (Bennani and Neuenkirch 2015). The European Central Bank is responsible for coordinating the operations and the National Central Banks are responsible for carrying out the transaction like providing funds to the bank, settlement of payments and management of foreign reserve operation (Burda and Wyplosz 2012). Objectives of the Euro system The Euro System constitutes both the European Central bank and the national central banks of the member states (Campiglio 2016). The primary objective of the Euro system is to maintain price stability. To attain this objective the European Central Bank and the associated national central banks supports the general economic policy for sustainable development of Europe based on the equitable economic growth and stability of the price (Carpenter et al. 2014). Task of the European Central Bank euro system The responsibility of the European Central bank along and the overall Euro system are the following (Carpenter et al. 2013): Understanding and implementing the monetary policy; Monitoring and conducting of foreign exchange operation; Management of the euro area foreign currency reserves; Implementing the smooth operation of payment system across Europe; In addition to this European Central Bank is also responsible for supervision of banking system, bank notes, statistics and financial stability along with the international and European cooperation (Cassola and Koulischer 2014). The Monetary policy of European Central Bank The primary objective of the European Central Bank is to maintain price stability and it is the single most important monetary policy for which it exists. In order to achieve this objective the implementation of ECBs monetary policy is depended on two pillars (Chen et al. 2012). The first pillar is the monetary policy strategy and the second pillar is the operational framework. The monetary policy strategy determines the level of interest that is required to maintain price stability over the medium term (Claeys et al. 2014). The operational framework is the instruments and procedures that European Central Bank uses to achieve its desired rate of interest (De Haan and Eijffinger 2012). The ECBs monetary policy strategy ECB follows a strategy of analyzing the risk in the euro zone with respect to price stability. The strategy includes a quantitative analysis of price stability along with the economic and the monetary analysis of risk to price stability in the region (Dincer and Eichengreen 2013). These are the two main elements that provide the ECB with the framework for assessment of information and decision-making (gert and KoÄ enda 2014). Price Stability It is the primary objective of the European Central Bank but it is not specifically stated in the treaties. Therefore, to obtain clarity the ECB has decided to define the price stability quantitavely (Fiore and Tristani 2013). In definition, it provides that its aim is to maintain inflation below or close to 2% in medium terms. The definition has helped to increase the clarity and transparency of the ECBs monetary policy (Galati and Moessner 2013). It aims to maintain the price stability for the medium term. It is justified that the policy focuses on medium term because there is a time lag between formulation of monetary policy and the effect of actual changes in the price level (Goodhart 2014). If the monetary policy were framed for short term then it would create price volatility instead of price stability (Henning 2015). Economic and monetary analysis The monetary policy decision of the European Central Bank is based on the economic and monetary analysis. The economic and monetary analysis both are complementary to each other (Howarth and Hgenauer 2016). The economic analysis focuses on short term whereas the monetary analysis focuses on the medium term. They both act as cross checks to reduce the policy error caused by over reliance on single model (Howarth and Quaglia 2013). Economic Analysis The economic analysis focuses on the assessment of the current economic and financial trends. It also analyses the short to medium term risks that the economic and financial conditions presents for the price stability (Joyce et al. 2012). The main objective of the analysis is to identify the shocks that affect the economy. The analysis are based on the trends in the global economy, development in productions, demand for services and goods, conditions of the labor market and the financial market conditions (Kirkegaard 2014). In addition to this, the ECB also carries out several surveys that provide additional input into the economic analysis (Kuhn and Stoeckel 2014). Monetary Analysis The analysis of the monetary policy focuses on the medium to long term. In this detailed analysis of monetary and credit trends along with the implications for inflation and economic growth are studied (Lane 2012). The Monetary policy instruments of ECB The European Central bank uses various monetary transmission mechanisms through which the monetary policies are channelized to affect the price level and the economy in particular (Merler and Wolff 2013). It is done in two stages the first stage is to change the interest rate which in turn affects the market interest rate, asset prices, exchange rate and the credit situation in general (Moravcsik 2012). The second stage is the affect that changes in the first stage has on the overall spending ability of the households, firms and companies. The main instrument the European Bank has to affect the economy is the official interest rate (Oldani 2012). The rates that are determined by the ECB are the interest rate on main refinancing operations, the rate on the deposit facility and the rate on the marginal lending facility. The ECB has also various introduced non-standard policy measures after the recent financial crisis (Pelizzon et al. 2016). The framework of operation has the following set of instruments open market operations, standing facilities and minimum requirement of reserve to be maintained by the credit institutions (PolaÅ„ski 2016). Open market operations The open market operations perform an important role in steering interest rates, it also helps in managing the liquidity of the market and it signals the stance on monetary policy. Five types of instrument are available in the euro zone for open market operations (Reichlin 2013). The most important instrument among them is the reserve transactions that are conducted in the form of repurchase agreement or as a collateral loan (Schularick and Taylor 2012). The other instruments it uses are outright transactions, debt certificates, fixed term deposits and foreign exchange swaps (Szczerbowicz 2015). The ECB initiates open market operations and it decides the terms and conditions of the instrument. The open market operations are executed based on bilaleteral procedures, standard tenders and quick tenders (Van Rompuy 2012). There are primarily four types of open market operations main refinancing operations, long term refinancing operations, fine-tuning operations and structural operations. The main refinancing operations are liquidity providing transaction conducted by ECB (Wallace et al. 2015). It plays an important part in fulfilling the objectives of the ECB and it is responsible for the largest share of refinancing to the financial sectors. The longer term refinancing has longer maturity time than the main refinancing operations (Welfens 2012). The primary objective of longer term refinancing is to provide additional refinancing for the long-term and to serve other objectives of monetary policy (Friedman 2015). The fine tuning operations have the option to be executed on ad hoc basis so that the liquidity situation in the market could be managed by steering interest rates. This are executed normally through tenders or bilateral procedures (Albu et al. 2014). The structural operations are conducted through reverse transactions, out right transactions and the issue of the debt certificates. Standing facilities The aim of the standing facility is to provide and absorb liquidity, provide a general overview of the monetary policy and to bind market interest rates. There are two standing facilities that are administered by National Central Bank and they are marginal lending facility and deposit facility (Alessi et al. 2014). The marginal lending facilities helps to obtain overnight liquidity from the National Central banks against assets that are eligible. The interest rates on the marginal lending acts as the threshold limit for the overnight market interest rate. The deposit facilities can also be used to make overnight deposits with the National Central Banks (Allard et al. 2013). Minimum Reserves The minimum reserve is the integral aspect of the operational framework of the monetary policy of the euro zone (Aysan et al. 2014). The main purpose of the minimum reserve system is to satisfy the objective of stabilizing the interest rates and to create a shortage in liquidity in a structural manner. The reserves to be maintained by various institutions are determined by the position of their balance sheet (Bauer and Neely 2014). Asset Purchase Programmes The expanded Asset purchase program addresses the risk of prolonged period of low inflation. It consists of public sector purchase program, third covered bond purchase programme and asset backed securities purchase programme (Belke and Volz 2015). Strategies used by the central government to stabilize Euro currency: Euro has acquired a significant position in the international market but this leads to face euro with the challenges of the economic policies. As a denomination of the issues relating to international level, euro has a prominent role (Bennani and Neuenkirch 2015). One of the primary objectives of the European central bank is to maintain stability in the price. ECB based its monetary policy in reference to the stabilizing the currency into two pillars. The first focuses on the shorter term and the second focuses on the medium to long term (Carpenter et al. 2014). A number of external factors and domestic factors determine the exchange rate. When there is a change in interest rate, which is when the interest rate rise, the domestic currency becomes more attractive to the international investors (Bradley 2014). This leads to the appreciation of currency. The change in exchange rate affects the inflation of any country and this is due to the lower price of imported goods. The competitiveness of the domestic product gets affected when the currency is appreciated or depreciated (Burda and Wyplosz 2012). The monetary policy has a transmission mechanisms and it consists of various channel thorough which price is stabilize (Henning 2015). The exchange rate channel is one of such channel that affects the exchange rate help in stabilizing. The monetary policy concerning the exchange rate does not embodies the target of euro rate and it mainly focuses on the price stability and its maintenance in the euro is facilitated by the strategies of the policies regarding the exchange rate (Campiglio 2016). The general strategy is to rule out the implicit or explicit rate of euro. The policy adhered by ECB is of benign neglect during a phase when there was a euro vis--vis dollar depreciation in the year 1999 (Carpenter et al. 2014). Since the birth of the European central bank, the fundamental principle guiding the strategy of the bank has not changed significantly. Maintaining the price stability is the fundamental strategy of the European central bank (Carpenter et al. 2013). This is because the price stability is beneficial in several aspects. The central bank used the tools such as the interest rate to adjust the supply of money (Cassola and Koulischer 2014). Monetary policy is also the useful policy used by ECB for achieving the growth objectives. The instruments and tools include the development of the monetary aggregates and this is done by comprehensive analysis (De Haan and Eijffinger 2012). The transmission mechanism is used by the central bank that affects the price level and the economy in particular. The first stage of this mechanism consists of changes in the rate of base money or the interest rate and this ultimately affects the price level, exchange rate and the interest rate as well (Dincer and Eichengreen 2013). The official interest rate is the main lever the central bank has at its disposal (Bradley 2014). This is done by making provision of funds to the banks which is one of the key operations of the bank. This impacts the interest rate of the money market and this leads to the change in the expectation of the future rate of exchange. In the year 2012, the European central bank announced the program of sovereign bond purchasing called Outright Monetary transactions and the objective of this program was to repair the transmission mechanism of the monetary policy so that the homogenous credit conditions throughout the Euro zone is restored (gert and KoÄ enda 2014). The purchase of such type of sovereign debt is intended to reduce the risks premier regarding the possibility of reversibility of the Euro (Fiore and Tristani 2013). The other monetary policy operation that aims to absorb the liquidity overnight is the standing facilities. The standing facilities are of two types. Deposit facility mad marginal lending facility (Friedman 2015). The rate on the marginal lending facility rate is comparatively higher than the money market rate. So the only option available to the credit institutions is the deposit facility (Galati and Moessner 2013). The rate on the deposit facility and the marginal lending facility normally provides a floor and the ceiling in the money market. When the government determines the rate for the standing facilities, it is setting corridor for the rate of money market to operate (Goodhart 2014). Minimum reserves is another tools used by the European Central Bank in stabilizing the interest rate of the money market and ultimately stabilizing the euro currency. Under this tool, all banks in euro zones are required to hold minimum reserves of certain amount (Henning 2015). The amount to be kept as reserves is calculated in relation to items such as deposits in the balance sheets of the banks account (Howarth and Hgenauer 2016). The banks are able to stabilize the interest rate in the money market using such reserves. This is done by providing the institutions an incentive to smooth the consequences of the liquidity fluctuations, which is arising on a temporary basis (Joyce et al. 2012). This would enhance the liquidity shortage of the banking system. Through the open market operations, it would be possible for the Euro Central bank would be able to steer the rates of money market (Kirkegaard 2014). This would be because the ECB is offering liquidity to the banks at such rate, w hich is aligned to the policies of the banks, and thus the money market rate is getting influenced (Lane 2012). Quantitative easing also known as asset purchase program aims at reviving the area of economy of Euro area. This is new policy instrument and unconventional tool (Merler and Wolff 2013). Under this tool, the European Central bank purchase euro denominated and securities that are of investment grade from the European institution or the Euro area government to create new money (Moravcsik 2012). The plan is expected to have a positive impact on the performance of the economy. The process is very advance and does not involve printing of any bank notes. It is performed electronically (Pelizzon et al. 2016). The ECB increase the credit in its account by creating the money. The low or stable interest rate would prompt the investors and they would look for better yield on the bonds elsewhere. This would have impact on the domestic currency and the lower value of currency would boost the exports (PolaÅ„ski 2016). The European monetary union makes the euro area less vulnerable to the instability of the overall exchange rate. In order to stabilize the foreign exchange market, the ECB has developed a comprehensive framework of its exchange rate policy (Reichlin 2013). ECB has introduced an intervention policy by stopping the appreciation of euro and this is done by announcing the upper limit of the dollar exchange rate (Schularick and Taylor 2012). This strategy relies on the signaling channel and the portfolio balance channel of intervention. Under this type of intervention, the central bank is engaged in buying and selling of the foreign exchange and this leads to the adjustments of the portfolio of the private sector (Van Rompuy 2012). The signaling channel market information about the future monetary policy is provided by the central bank and this stabilizes the expectations of the exchange rates (Welfens 2012). This intervention policy has two directions and they are: When the euro appreciates, the central bank tries to limit the appreciation. The bank buys foreign exchange against the deposits of central bank, which it cannot supply with the quantitative limit (Galati and Moessner 2013). The intervention of ECB forms preventing the appreciation of Euro vis--vis dollar. The rates of the domestic money market that is required to maintain the stability of price in the Euro area, ECB has its deposits facility disposed (Henning 2015). This facility does not have any limit, so the monetary conditions cannot be affected in the euro area. The ECB tries to defend the currency against the market pressure in the event of depreciation. This type of defend is performed under the constraint of the reserves of the foreign exchange (Howarth and Hgenauer 2016). However, it is utmost important to analyze the intervention policy affecting the price in the euro area. Intervention of the ECB in the foreign exchange market would have a direct impact on the monetary base (De Haan and Eijffinger 2012). When the monetary base increases then there is creation of deposit facility by ECB for the specific purpose. The interest rate would determine the rate in the money market in the euro area (gert and KoÄ enda 2014). When the monetary base decreases and this happens by providing credits to the commercial banks. If the ECB operates with the marginal lending facility, such compensation would be provided automatically (Galati and Moessner 2012). There also exists bilateral arrangement of the intervention policy. The policy of unilateral exchange rate of ECB would be able to contribute to the employment and growth without affecting price stability in the euro area. When there is a uncontrolled depreciation of the exchange rate say, euro versus doll ar then the ECB has a limited room for maneuver (Henning 2015). Therefore, this calls for bilateral agreement between the euro area and another company say, United States. This would leads to the creation of exchange rate band where the euro/dollar rate would swing or the rates would fluctuate in limits (Howarth and Quaglia 2013). The difficulties of identifying the equilibrium rate of exchange would be depicted in the width of the band of the exchange rate. The intervention is carried out by ECB directly in a centralized manner. The interventions of foreign exchange can take place within the exchange rate mechanism framework that is exchange rate mechanism II. This is based on the legal documents (Kirkegaard 2014). The Evaluation of Performance of ECB The dotcom bubble busted in 2002 and the global economy faced a serious economic crisis. This event affected both the US and European economy but interestingly US markets were able to regain its strength whereas in Europe the economy continuously suffered from low growth rates (Moravcsik 2012). The main reason for this disparity in economic recovery is due to the policies of the European Central Bank. The performance of ECB between the period 1999-2000 shows that interest rates were set higher during this period (Pelizzon et al. 2016). This policy was not in accordance with the final domestic demand because increased interest rate has a cascading effect. The increased interest rate means that there will be fewer borrowings from bank by the companies, which eventually means that there will be less investment, as a result low economic growth (Reichlin 2013). Therefore, it can be argued that for the first few years the performance of the ECB was below the expectations. It can also be ar gued that ECB has performed well as it has been successful in maintaining inflation rate near 2% in the last two years of the period (Schularick and Taylor 2012). The ECB would have achieved its target of maintaining inflation below 2% but failed due to tax pull inflation. The restrictions of the stability and growth pact (SGP) are the main cause of tax pull inflation. It forces the governments either to cut spending or increase taxes in order to fulfill its objectives (Van Rompuy 2012). The ECB however cannot be directly blamed for this but it can also be said that there is a link between the monetary policy of the ECB and the SGP which cannot be completely denied. The situation started improving and by 2007, the interest rate of the ECB was completely in aligned with the domestic growth rates (Bauer and Neely 2014). The economic conditions in Europe were in upswing during this period but in 2007, a period of economic crisis again ensued. The ECB again increased its key interest ra te as a result the investment in the economy decreased (Bennani and Neuenkirch 2015). This policy was of ECB was criticized by different quarters as it reacted slowly in the emerging financing crisis and its policy of increasing interest rate was also criticized. In the time of crisis, the policies of the ECB to increase interest rates greatly diminished the capability of the European countries to recover from the slowdown (Campiglio 2016). The evaluation of monetary policy of ECB The most important element of the strategies implemented by the ECB is that it gives importance to money. It was important because the availability of money from the macroeconomics was diminishing during the period (Chen et al. 2012). The strategies implemented by the ECB were primarily based on the assumptions provided in the quantity theory. Therefore, it used its independence to fix a money supply rate to attain its objective of attaining price stability (Dincer and Eichengreen 2013). The analysis of the performance of the ECB highlights that there are few deficiencies that are needed to be addressed. It can be argued that the key interest rates set by the ECB are high and it is adversely affecting the economic growth of the Europe (Friedman 2015). The European monetary policies are not conducive and are far from being sound. The inefficient and non-transparent decision making structure of the ECB was highlighted during the recent financial crisis (Galati and Moessner 2013). The m onetary policies of the European central bank prior to the crisis contributed to the economic imbalance in the Europe. The policies during the Greek crisis were pragmatic but there is a need of reform in the governing council of the ECB so that accountability and transparency can be ensued in the system (Henning 2015). The future of the ECB is dependent on its ability to adapt with the emerging challenges within the European Union. The ECB has adopted various unconventional and untested monetary measures along with the Asset purchase program to avoid the liquidity crisis in the financial sector and to avoid break up of European Union (Howarth and Hgenauer 2016). The purpose of the monetary policy is to encourage the investors in taking risks. The excessive risk taking can however be the cause of future financial crisis. The lessons learned from the global economic crisis shows that the price stability by in itself could not ensure financial stability (Joyce et al. 2012). Therefore, a broad Conesus has emerged financial stability should be addressed ex ante. It can be said that monetary policy is not helpful in addressing the financial crisis it should primarily focus to its main objective of maintain price stability (Lane 2012). The credibility of the ECB is based on the fulfilling of this objective. The steps for reforming ECB The monetary policy of the ECB has failed to meet the targets and it failed to tap the full growth potential of the European economy. Many attempts have been made to reform the European Central Banks functioning by the academic writers (Reichlin 2013). The most common proposal is to introduce more accountability and to make the administrative system of ECB more democratic. There is also a need to provide the right to the European parliament to define price stability in order to make it more accountable (Szczerbowicz 2015). This would not only make the decision making democratic but also provide a higher legitimacy to the decision. The second proposal is to reform the decision making process of the ECB. The restructuring of the council is therefore needed for smooth functioning (Van Rompuy 2012). A system of rotation should be implemented by reserving the permanent seats for few large countries so that the discourse is not only dominated by smaller countries (Welfens 2012). Conclusion In the report it is presented that, the ESCB has two level systems they are European Central bank and the National Central Banks. In this two level structure the ECSB overlooks the joint existence of the ECB and the national Central Banks. The ECB also has legal personality status that helps to fulfill its aims and the monetary policy targets. In order to achieve this aim it has a wide range of monetary policy instruments. They are open market operations, standing facilities, creation of the minimum reserves etc. The aim of these instruments is to influence the market interest rates and the liquidity of the financial sector in order to guide the monetary policy. These policy instruments have been playing a pivotal role in the development of the banking system in the domestic and the international market. The decision making power is in the hands of the ECB but the implementation of it depends on the national banks. The economic philosophy of the European Central Bank is that in the long run the real economy is not determined by the available liquidity. The primary objective of the monetary policy is to achieve short-term price stability and thereby achieving economic growth. The ECB intervenes in a centralized manner to affect the price of the euro zone. This intervention is done within the foreign exchange rate mechanism framework. The evaluation of the historical performance of ECB shows that in time of crisis the policies of the ECB was helpful. At the same time this policies also slowed down the recovery rate of the economy. Reference Albu, L.L., Lupu, R., Călin, A.C. and Popovici, O.C., 2014. The Effect of ECB's Quantitative Easing on Credit Default Swap Instruments in Central and Eastern Europe.Procedia Economics and Finance,8, pp.122-128. Alessi, L., Ghysels, E., Onorante, L., Peach, R. and Potter, S., 2014. Central bank macroeconomic forecasting during the global financial crisis: the european central bank and federal reserve bank of new york experiences.Journal of Business Economic Statistics,32(4), pp.483-500. Allard, J., Catenaro, M., Vidal, J.P. and Wolswijk, G., 2013. Central bank communication on fiscal policy.European Journal of Political Economy,30, pp.1-14. Aysan, A.F., Fendoglu, S. and Kilinc, M., 2014. Managing short-term capital flows in new central banking: unconventional monetary policy framework in Turkey.Eurasian Economic Review,4(1), pp.45-69. Bauer, M.D. and Neely, C.J., 2014. International channels of the Fed's unconventional monetary policy.Journal of International Money and Finance,44, pp.24-46. Belke, A. and Volz, U., 2015. The strong Euro: challenges for the European central bank and implications for the global economy.AEI Insights,1(1), pp.53-68. Bennani, H. and Neuenkirch, M., 2015. The (Home) Bias of European Central Bankers: New Evidence Based on Speeches.University of Trier Research Papers in Economics, (16/14). Bradley, C., 2014. Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: The Interconnection Problem in Financial Markets and Financial Regulation, a European (Banking) Union Perspective.Tex. Int'l LJ,49, p.271. Burda, M. and Wyplosz, C., 2012.Macroeconomics: a European text. Oxford university press. Campiglio, E., 2016. Beyond carbon pricing: The role of banking and monetary policy in financing the transition to a low-carbon economy.Ecological Economics,121, pp.220-230. Carpenter, S., Demiralp, S. and Eisenschmidt, J., 2014. The effectiveness of non-standard monetary policy in addressing liquidity risk during the financial crisis: The experiences of the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,43, pp.107-129. Carpenter, S.B., Demiralp, S. and Eisenschmidt, J., 2013. The effectiveness of the non-standard policy measures during the financial crises: the experiences of the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank. Cassola, N.E. and Koulischer, F., 2014.The collateral channel of monetary policy: Evidence from the European central bank. Tech. rep. Chen, Q., Filardo, A.J., He, D. and Zhu, F., 2012. International spillovers of central bank balance sheet policies.BIS paper, (66p). Claeys, G., Darvas, Z., Merler, S. and Wolff, G.B., 2014. Addressing Weak Inflation: The European Central Banks Shopping List.Bruegel Policy Contribution,5. De Haan, J. and Eijffinger, S.C., 2012. The democratic accountability of the European Central Bank: A comment on two fairyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ tales.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,38(3), pp.393-407. Dincer, N. and Eichengreen, B., 2013. Central bank transparency and independence: updates and new measures. gert, B. and KoÄ enda, E., 2014. The impact of macro news and central bank communication on emerging European forex markets.Economic Systems,38(1), pp.73-88. Fiore, F.D. and Tristani, O., 2013. Optimal monetary policy in a model of the credit channel.The Economic Journal,123(571), pp.906-931. Friedman, B.M., 2015. Has the financial crisis permanently changed the practice of monetary policy? Has it changed the theory of monetary policy?.The Manchester School,83(S1), pp.5-19. Galati, G. and Moessner, R., 2013. Macroprudential policya literature review.Journal of Economic Surveys,27(5), pp.846-878. Goodhart, C.A.E., 2014. Lessons for monetary policy from the euro-area crisis.Journal of Macroeconomics,39, pp.378-382. Henning, C.R., 2015. The ECB as a strategic actor: Central banking in a politically fragmented monetary union.C. Randall Henning," The ECB as a Strategic Actor: Central Banking in a Politically Fragmented Monetary Union," in Europe's Crises: Economic and Political Challenges of the Monetary Union, edited by James A. Caporaso and Martin Rhodes (New York: Oxford University Press, Forthcoming). Howarth, D. and Hgenauer, A.L., 2016. Unconventional Monetary Policies and the European Central Bank's Problematic Democratic Legitimacy.Zeitschrift fr ffentliches Recht (Journal of Public Law),71(2), pp.1-24. Howarth, D. and Quaglia, L., 2013. Banking Union as Holy Grail: Rebuilding the Single Market in Financial Services, Stabilizing Europe's Banks and CompletingEconomic and Monetary Union.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,51(S1), pp.103-123. Joyce, M., Miles, D., Scott, A. and Vayanos, D., 2012. Quantitative easing and unconventional monetary policyan introduction.The Economic Journal,122(564), pp.F271-F288. Kirkegaard, J.F., 2014. Why the European Central Bank Will Likely Shrink from Quantitative Easing.Real Time Economic Issues Watch, Peterson Institute, January,15. Kuhn, T. and Stoeckel, F., 2014. When European integration becomes costly: the euro crisis and public support for European economic governance.Journal of European Public Policy,21(4), pp.624-641. Lane, P.R., 2012. The European sovereign debt crisis.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,26(3), pp.49-67. Merler, S. and Wolff, G.B., 2013. Ending uncertainty: recapitalisation under European Central Bank supervision.Policy Contribution,18. Moravcsik, A., 2012. Europe after the crisis: how to sustain a common currency.Foreign Aff.,91, p.54. Oldani, C., 2012. European Central Bank.Bankpedia Review-Rivista Bankpedia, (2). Pelizzon, L., Subrahmanyam, M.G., Tomio, D. and Uno, J., 2016. Sovereign credit risk, liquidity, and European Central Bank intervention: Deus ex machina?.Journal of Financial Economics. PolaÅ„ski, Z., 2016. Monetary Stabilization. InPalgrave Dictionary of Emerging Markets and Transition Economics(pp. 92-111). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Reichlin, L., 2013. The ECB and the banks: the tale of two crises. Schularick, M. and Taylor, A.M., 2012. Credit booms gone bust: monetary policy, leverage cycles, and financial crises, 18702008.The American Economic Review,102(2), pp.1029-1061. Szczerbowicz, U., 2015. The ECB unconventional monetary policies: have they lowered market borrowing costs for banks and governments?.International Journal of Central Banking,11(4), pp.91-127. Van Rompuy, H., 2012. Towards a genuine economic and monetary union.European Council. Brssel,5. Wallace, H., Pollack, M.A. and Young, A.R. eds., 2015.Policy-making in the European Union. Oxford University Press, USA. Welfens, P.J. ed., 2012.European monetary integration: EMS developments and international post-Maastricht perspectives. Springer Science Business Media.

Asiatic Cholera essays

Asiatic Cholera essays The disease known as Asiatic cholera first infiltrated Great Britain in 1831, with its arrival in Sunderland1. From there, it broke out in epidemic proportions through 1832. Three more epidemics would follow the 1832 outbreak, 1848, 1854, and 1866. Cholera is defined as an acute infectious disease, originated in India, characterized by profuse vomiting, cramps, etc.2 These epidemics killed numerous Brits and effected many more. Several reasons can be seen for the continued importation and spread during these different epidemics. Amongst the most prominent is dispute within the medical community. Until Robert Koch was credited with isolating Vibrio cholerae in 18833, the community was constantly torn over the cause of disease in general and specifically cholera. Many theories came about, each seemingly disputing the previous. With these new scientific theories came arguments as to the best methods to prevent, control and deal with the cholera. Until Kochs discovery ended the dispute, there was never a general consensus as to the best method of care for cholera victims. This paper will look at the causes and symptoms of cholera, statistics of the four outbreaks, the different effects that cholera had on the lay people, and the differing theories and how they slowed progress towards prevention of cholera. Cholera is a disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is spread through water or food that has been contaminated by the feces of others infected with cholera4. Symptoms include several characteristics. Initially, the person is anxious, and nauseated as well as dizzy. This is followed by severe vomiting and diarrhea, with feces that are a grayish liquid, often called rice water. This is soon followed by extreme muscle cramps (or even seizures) and a desire for water. This is followed by the sinking stage where the patients pulse and body t...

Free Essays on Turmenistan

TURKMENISTAN†¦ LAGITIMATE? According to 1998’s recoded documentation, Turkmenistan has been under a dictatorship rule since the brake from the former Soviet Union. Under the raining dictator, Saparmurat Niyazov, the citezens are neglectid of every civil and political right. There is no freedom of assembly, no opportunity for public debate and no political opportunities. Not to mention the intimidating authority existence of a Soviet-style, secret police. Turkmenistan is also one of the poorest of the former Soviet republics, due to the bad condition that it’s people are subjected to. Up until the U.S. Government intervened using force, President Niyazov had held many high-profiled polical prisoners. Among these prisoners, there was Khaja-Makhamendov, a leader of the banned Party of Democratic Development of Turkmenistan. Khaja-Makhamendov was held in incarceration since Febuary of 1996 in a psychiatric hospital on medically unjustifable grounds. Six of the eight members of the Party of Democratic Development of Turkmenistan, also known as the â€Å"Ashgabat Eight†, were also released in April. Niyazov’s sole intentions as leader of this nation were to crack down on political and religious dissidents, to restrict freedom of the press, protest, and to eliminate all forms of democracy. In August, the police stopped 200 women from entering the capital where they intended to make their complaints directly to Niyazov. In trukmenistan there are only 2 religions aceptable and legal, Sunni Islam and Russian Orthodoxy however; the police have halted their raids on privately house-held prayer meetings. Niyazov also called for three-generation "background checks" to determine potential university students' "moral character" before they are admitted to study. Abolished his country's World Languages University, ordered that the entire printing of a new Turkmen history textbook be burned, and ordered that foreign languages should no longer... Free Essays on Turmenistan Free Essays on Turmenistan TURKMENISTAN†¦ LAGITIMATE? According to 1998’s recoded documentation, Turkmenistan has been under a dictatorship rule since the brake from the former Soviet Union. Under the raining dictator, Saparmurat Niyazov, the citezens are neglectid of every civil and political right. There is no freedom of assembly, no opportunity for public debate and no political opportunities. Not to mention the intimidating authority existence of a Soviet-style, secret police. Turkmenistan is also one of the poorest of the former Soviet republics, due to the bad condition that it’s people are subjected to. Up until the U.S. Government intervened using force, President Niyazov had held many high-profiled polical prisoners. Among these prisoners, there was Khaja-Makhamendov, a leader of the banned Party of Democratic Development of Turkmenistan. Khaja-Makhamendov was held in incarceration since Febuary of 1996 in a psychiatric hospital on medically unjustifable grounds. Six of the eight members of the Party of Democratic Development of Turkmenistan, also known as the â€Å"Ashgabat Eight†, were also released in April. Niyazov’s sole intentions as leader of this nation were to crack down on political and religious dissidents, to restrict freedom of the press, protest, and to eliminate all forms of democracy. In August, the police stopped 200 women from entering the capital where they intended to make their complaints directly to Niyazov. In trukmenistan there are only 2 religions aceptable and legal, Sunni Islam and Russian Orthodoxy however; the police have halted their raids on privately house-held prayer meetings. Niyazov also called for three-generation "background checks" to determine potential university students' "moral character" before they are admitted to study. Abolished his country's World Languages University, ordered that the entire printing of a new Turkmen history textbook be burned, and ordered that foreign languages should no longer...

What are the Most Important Aspects of Zaras Essay

What are the Most Important Aspects of Zaras - Essay Example The study reveals that the company remains consistent with its information technology management and also remains focused on its preference for decentralized decision making and speed. Since Zara operates in the retail industry, Information Technology (IT) plays a crucial role in its business activities. Information technology is helping the company to manage queues inside the outlet, control inventory and handle POS-terminals (Point-of-Sale terminal). In addition, IT is playing the all-important role in managing Zara’s online store. The report also uncovered that, with the use of information technology, the company has been able to achieve competitive advantage over its competitors. One of the key findings of the study is that Zara is using outdated software. According to the technical lead of ZARA, the software may be outdated but is highly stable. However, it has been identified that any changes in the system configuration by the hardware vendors may negatively impact the company’s POS terminal operation. Therefore to get rid of this issue the report has provided some recommendations to the company. These recommendations comprise of how the company can update its software without affecting the stability and easy-to-understand interface. The study is about analyzing the most important aspects of Zara’s approach to information technology management. Apart from that, the report will also shed light on whether or not these approaches are applicable and appropriate anywhere in the organization. In order to satisfy these objectives, the study will carry out an in-depth analysis of the external business environment of Zara and a brief internal analysis of the company. However, the focus will be mainly on the information technology management of the company. Based on the findings, the report will draw a conclusion and provide some recommendations regarding how to improve the productivity of the company.

Canadian Politics. Position of women in the work place and Essay

Canadian Politics. Position of women in the work place and globalization - Essay Example However, when the Royal Commission on the Status of Women (RCSW) practically assessed the ground reality of the severity and employment challenges faced by women, the Commission concludes that the â€Å"position of women employees in the Government of Canada deserves close examination, not only because the Government employs a large number of women in a different variety of occupations, but also because the Government’s employment practices should demonstrate its principles†( RCSW, p.108). Since then, Canadian women have started experiencing some forward movement toward equality in the workplace and simultaneously, the public opinion tends to percept that women’s employment issues are by and large â€Å"solved† internationally as well ( UN, 2004,p.25). However, much is still required to be changed as such notions are perhaps overstated. The findings of the International Angus Reid poll surveyed that the employment markets in the developed nations such as A ustralia, Canada, United States and Great Britain found that less than a quarter of total respondents did not disagree that the gender equality in the developed nations have considerably achieved its required level; however, a majority of women in these four countries provided their consent that the governments in their respective nations ought to do more to gain the point of actual gender equality (Angus Reid, 2010). Additionally, in the same findings, Angus Reid (2010) accounts for the Canada’s ranking in the Global Gender Gap Report, which is annually published by the World Economic Forum. Canada’s current position, 31st in 2008, at number 20 is considerably lower than its previous rankings of 7 in 2005, 14 in 2006 and 18 in 2007. Prior to these facts, the Employment Equity Act was enacted into the legislature with its intent to achieve workplace equality so that no person shall be denied employment opportunities or employment benefits for reasons other than ability and, in appropriate achievement of goal, and to correct the situations and conditions of disadvantage in employment faced and experienced by aboriginal persons, women and people with disabilities and members of visible minorities by providing effect to the principle that employment equity means more than treating persons in the same way but also needs special measures and accommodation of differences (Employment Equity Act). Consequently, the original Employment Equity Act was passed in 1986 by the Progressive Conservative Government in response to the findings and recommendations of the Abella Commission. It came into force in 1987 requiring both federally regulated companies and Crown corporations having 100 or more employees are required to determine and develop equity programs and plans to eliminate workplace barriers to the participation of the above mentioned groups. The progress on the equity programs seems to be limited in scope and domain. The most improvement in employmen t tends to be for non-disabled, white women (Agocs, 2002; Leck & Saunders, 1992). In addition, while taking into account women having dual status as women with a disability or women of color, the findings have hinted that the employment equity programs seem to be affiliated with more representative hiring of women with dual status into employment in the clerical positions (Leck & Saunders,1992, p.216). Furthermore, the 2009 Senate Committee on Human Rights highlight the fact that the little data is provided to indicate whether or not recruitment rates, retention rates, representation rates or executive advancement rates offer difference for women and men within these designated groups: Aboriginal, visible minorities, and

Business economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business economics - Assignment Example This essay is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the theoretical views in this regard. Section 3 discusses the property market development mainly housing market development and macro economy in UK in the early 1990s. Section 4 discusses the property market development especially housing market development and the macro economy in UK since 2007 and section 5 concludes the report. 2. Theoretical Views An ideal property cycle according to Ball et al (1998) can be characterized as business upturn and development, business downturn and overbuilding, adjustment, slump and the next cycle. Many economic theories have been put forward to explain these five patterns like the business cycle approach (Barras, 1994; Key et al, 1994), based on accelerator principle. The two major factors affecting property development cycles are exogenous occupier demand for space and pro cyclical exogenous availability of finance according to this approach. However, this approach does not account for the c onstruction completion lags .Further there can be causalities from development cycles to economic activity also. Hence the building lag model developed by Baras(1983,1994) tries to produce an endogenous mechanism to explain development cycles. Here, the lag between demand and supply together with the accelerator principle explains the development cycles. The dynamic model based on historic data for UK property development by Barras and Ferguson (1987a, 1987 b) establishes an endogenous development cycle mechanism. This model identifies the level of user activity and the level of investment activity as the two major economic factors affecting property cycles. This model, however, explicitly includes an endogenous cycle mechanism, which is problematic .Further, the exogeneity assumption for variables like rent, capitalization rates, building costs etc are also questionable. Several explanations based on irrational behaviour of valuers, developers and lenders like slowness of these age nts to respond to clear market signals and failure to learn from experience are also given to property cycles (Baum and Crosby, 1995). However, these models implicitly assume irrational behaviour, which is its limitation. The model of property cycles and option pricing based on owners and developers (Grenadier, 1995) shows that the stickiness of vacancy rates increases with the rise in uncertainty and adjustment costs. Further, the probability of overbuilding rises with the rise in construction period, adjustment costs and uncertainty about future demand. However, this model is based on the assumptions regarding preferences in finance theory, which is unlikely to hold good in property markets. This reduces the predictability of the model (Ball etal.1998).Thus all the models discussed above have some shortcomings. Their predictability cannot be generalized and depends upon the context only. In addition to the above theoretical models, the property markets especially the housing marke ts are obtained to have reverse effects on the macro economy through their impact on the consumption expenditure of households, through the effects on

Providing Rehabilitative Care To People Post Stroke Life Nursing Essay

Providing Rehabilitative Care To People Post Stroke Life Nursing Essay Stroke is a catastrophic event for survivors and their families because significant numbers of stroke survivors experience biophysical and psychosocial limitations after they return to home (Oswald 2008, p.241). Stroke is a common disabling disease that requires the involvement of family caregivers for patients successful rehabilitation (Lui Thompson 2005, p. 2514). After a stroke most people return to their home environment quickly despite suffering from various impairments and disabilities; most often without having received any care and rehabilitation services to reduce or compensate these dysfunctions (Vincent et al 2007, p. 21). Timely access to appropriate rehabilitation services for stroke survivors is needed to optimize recovery and reduce the long-term burden of stroke for patients, families and communities (Dawson et al, 2008, 174). Family caregivers play a key role in the rehabilitative care for stroke survivors, who require prolonged periods of recovery outside structured health care settings. Providing care to stroke survivors in home settings is an increasingly common experience (McCann Christiansen, 1996 ,p.914). However, family caregivers are usually faced with lack of health care education and they need assistance in learning how to manage to help the survivors in activities of daily living (ADL) and other aspects of physical care. Instrumental support, including social support, help with transportation, and financial support or compensation are also commonly requested by caregivers (Grant et al.2006, p.67). In general, care giving responsibilities follow a hierarchical order with spouses being preferred most often, followed by adult children, other relatives, and finally friends and neighbours (Moore et al. 2002, p.291). In Iran the situation is the same, the stroke survivors are usually referred to public or private care centres and to their own homes after discharge from hospital. This may result in many difficulties and long-term problems for stroke survivors and their family caregivers (Dalvandi et al, 2010). In Iran, there seems to be a lack of supportive systems in home care services as well as in knowledge and skills among family caregivers can be assumed to lead suffering from complications and probably even from less effective recovery processes for both patients and their families (Alaei, 2008,p. 7). Therefore, we need to explore the experiences of Iranian stroke survivors family caregivers about the providing rehabilitative care in order to identify aspects that should be con sidered in developing delivery rehabilitation care for both patients and their families.. Aim and research questions The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of family caregivers about the providing rehabilitative care for stroke survivors at home. The following questions were raised: How do Iranian family caregivers experience the provision of rehabilitative care at home after stroke? How should the rehabilitative care for stroke survivors assistance be provided and organized? Method The constant comparative method (CCM) was used in this study. The constant comparative method of analyzing qualitative data combines inductive category, coding with a simultaneous composition of all units of meaning obtained (Glaser Strauss,1967). According to Boeije (2002) the constant comparative method together with theoretical sampling constitute the core of qualitative analysis in the grounded theory approach developed by Glaser and Strauss, 1967; Strauss, 1987; Glaser 1992.(p.391-394) .The constant comparative method, which can be seen as the core category of grounded theory, includes that every part of data, i.e. emerging codes, categories, properties, and dimensions as well as different parts of the data, are constantly compared with all other parts of the data to explore variations, similarities and differences in data. The constant comparative method of grounded theory is strict enough to be helpful to the researcher in exploring the content and meaning in the data, but no t saddled with so many strict rules to be too rigid for a grounded theory researcher (Hallberg, 2006, P.141-145). According to Strauss and Corbin (1998) the art of comparison has to do with creative processes and with the interplay between data and researcher when gathering and analysing data. The cycle of comparison and reflection on old and new material can be repeated several times, it is only when new cases do not bring any new information to light that categories can described as saturated (Boeije ,2002,p. 391-394). Participants Twelve family caregivers participated in the study .The characteristics are shown in Table 1: Insert Table 1. The inclusion criteria for selecting family caregivers was: those family members who had the main responsibility to take care for stroke survivors in stroke survivors homes, such as offspring, spouses or other relatives, willingness to participate in this study, being able to communicate in Farsi and reside in an urban area in Tehran. The first author (AD) referred to hospitals and rehabilitation clinics formally and asked for permission to undertake the study. After the permission, he read more than 400 stroke survivors documents and then selected 35 case documents based on inclusion criteria. Then researcher contacted participants by telephone with the permission of universitys authorities. They were informed about the aims of the study and their rights as participants, and were asked to participate in the study. Finally twelve family caregivers agreed to participate in the study. Data-collections Techniques Data were collected through open-ended interviews and observational field notes. The open-ended interviews started with a general question: As a family caregiver, how do you experience providing rehabilitation care of a survivor after stroke at home? Then, step by step the interview continued to more specific and directed questions. Probing was performed according to the reflections offered by each respondent but sought to cover themes such as their experiences of the post-stroke life and the role of family caregivers in this situation. Interviews lasted between 45 to 60 minutes. The venues of the interviews were chosen by the participants at the survivors homes and it took from February 2007 to June 2007. In two cases, a second interview was conducted after some ambiguities had aroused during the first. During interview main researcher have been observed and considered all situations regarding the participants and focus on what participants said about doing one thing but in reality they are doing something else. Data Analysis All interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed word by word and then approved by some participants, together with the observational field notes. Following Corbin Strauss (2008, p.160-167) instructions, data collection and data analysis took place simultaneously by using the process of constant comparative analysis method. Every interview was analyzed directly after the interview in order to identify ideas, which guided the next interview. During the phase of open coding, the researchers thoroughly read all interviews several times word by word and selected incidents, facts, key words or phrases in the text as in vivo codes (codes which directly came from interview with participants, not from other sources). In this phase, 482 primary codes were extracted. Open coding requires a brainstorming approach to analysis because, in the beginning, analyst wants to open up the data to all potentialities and possibilities contained within them (Corbin Strauss, 2008, p.160). Whereas open coding fractures the data into concepts and categories, axial coding puts those data back together in new ways by making connections between categories and subcategories. Thus axial coding refers to the process of developing main categories and their sub-categories. Then, the codes were compared to contents in order to find points of similarities and differences as base for those categories and sub-categories that were developed. These codes outlined properties and dimensions of each category and subcategory. This process resulted in eight conceptual categories. After axial coding at the end of the process, in selective coding phase, the core variable was identified. lack of continuity in rehabilitative care, which was clearly observed in all data, was identified as a core variable. Selective coding involves the integration of the categories that have been developed to form the initial theoretical framework (Corbin Strauss 2008, 163). Trustworthiness The conformability and credibility of the data were established in 3 main ways: First, the participants were contacted after the analysis and were given a full transcript of their coded interviews with a summary of the emergent themes to determine whether the codes and themes were true to their point of view (member check). Four participants chose to validate their transcripts and a few minor comments regarding spelling were made. As a further validity check, faculty members checked about half of all transcripts (peer check) when researcher presented the aim process and summary of data gathering. Finally, all the authors checked an English version of the coding and the coherence of the categories .The researcher documented the steps followed in the research and the decisions made to save the audit ability for other researchers to perform the steps of the research in future studies. Ethical considerations This study has been approved by Iranian National ethical committee in the Ministry of Health Medical Education (P/361-31/JUL/2005). All participants have received information about the aim of the study and what is expected from them as study participants. They also were informed that the participation is voluntary and they have the right to terminate their participation any time they want, without giving a reason, and their right to confidentiality. They also were informed that their continued care or rehabilitation was not dependent by their decision to participate or not. The researcher used all his attempts to make the participants comfortable to tell about their experiences and needs freely, and tried to note any non verbal signs of wishes for going out from the study, all participants signed the written informed consent paper after reading it carfully. When participants needed to have counselling in their homes, researcher coordinated by experts rehabilitation and some time researcher referred them to Neuro-rehabilitation clinic and also with hospitals to follow his/her problems clinically or in-patiently. Findings The participants ranged in age from 20 to 68 years. Seven main categories were identified within the analysis process: family integrity, modifying homes environment, managing co-morbidities, accessibility of rehabilitative services, expanding nurses roles, utilizing social insurance, and acquiring knowledge and skills. Family integrity conceptualized the way the participants continued their attempts to maintain family structure and function despite of the complications caused by the stroke. Modifying homes environment experienced as to facilitate the stroke survivors to live at home conveniently, and managing co- morbidities perceived as essential to prevent recurrent of strokes by controlling other symptom and diseases. Accessibility to rehabilitative services experienced as inappropriate and misdistribution of these services. Expanding nurses roles means that nurses roles should be developed as coordinator in rehabilitation teams to decrease biophysical and psychosocial limitations. Utilizing social insurance wished for as the main rehabilitation supportive service, acquiring knowledge and skills perceived as the basic needs for facing with the stroke event and help caregivers to accept the reality of their own situation. Conceptual relationship statements Researcher inferred that the lack continuity of rehabilitation care at survivors homes is the main variable concepts on the advancement of the providing of survivors rehabilitation because family caregivers experience accessing to services and covering rehabilitation services by social insurances could provide continually for leading, helping and supporting survivors to be independent sooner. In this way they perceived that special educational programs and skills are needed to be well-adapted with new situations. It causes the pressure on family members would be made less. As the part of Iranian cultural values, Islamic religious believes, preserving, unity ,maintain family structure and emotional feeling during event are the essential strategies which families adapt with .In this case family caregivers have been involved to continue providing rehabilitation care and changing home environment to facilitate better situation for survivors in their homes. Lack of continuity of rehabilitation care services cause overload working by family care givers such as survivors; lifting, transferring, feeding and caring because fatigue, frustrations and loss of energy. Therefore assisting by lay care givers could help them a lot especially during the first few months in this process. Lack of knowledge and skills regarding survivors care made them to be agitated and later on disappointed. They believed that the nurses roles are as important as the family care givers on the recovery of these patients regarding education and skills, introducing recourse, emotional support and medicine recommendations, timely teaching of patients and caregivers, and assessment and information exchange regarding patient progress and care needs. Lack of access to these services could delay survivors recovery. Continuity of care specifically relates to the nurses continued presence with the patients and involved coordination of the multi professional teams diverse efforts. Nurses, interacting with patients and relatives frequently throughout the day in many diverse situations, are in a unique position to facilitate the interpretive work that stroke survivors and their families go through and which is a prerequisite for moving ahead in the adjustment and rehabilitation processes following a stroke. Family integrity Family caregivers experienced that maintaining integrity, morale and durability were important to maintain family structure and their roles despite of the complications caused by the stroke. Family caregivers were also forced to look for new ways to compromise with this real event, as the part of their Iranian cultural values, Islamic religious believes, unity and emotional feeling that were the essential strategies which families had adapted. Whereas in Iran, family structure is so important for its members, therefore religious and emotional behaviors help us to stand, It should be continue by culture and empowered (Family caregiver 2), Modifying home environment Participants perceived that after the unpredictable event of stroke, their home environment needed to be changed, depending on survivors condition. The changes aimed at helping both the survivors and the family caregivers to play their roles better and live an active life by participating in the family life, whatever is available at home. We have to change the home environment to help survivors by using devices such as grab bars in bathroom, a raised toilet seat and a long-handled brush, and also electric toothbrush and an electric razor. (Family caregiver 9). Managing co- morbidities Participant perceived that managing other symptoms like body pain, and diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, as well as hypercholesterolemia and obesity were important to prevent recurrent period and prevent progressive diseases. I have tried to manage other disease such blood pressure, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders with helping Doctors and nurses as well the control of dietaries and drugs management ,besides of stroke and its complications (family caregiver 6). Accessibility to rehabilitative services There are only a few special rehabilitation centres for stroke survivors in Iran and usually the stroke patients are referred to public or private caring centres and  to their own homes, because these clinics are very far from their homes. These services were regarded to be expensive and not easy to access from home and community, therefore stroke survivors and their family caregivers suffered of not receiving rehabilitation services. My family has lost their energy and in times, we are so tired and agitated If somebody comes to our home for caring and helping us it would be fantastic (Family caregiver5). I really need to get some facilities in my place, close to my home, suitable for our incomes; going far from my home is very expensive to access and so difficult for me and my family as well to bring services in our home (Family caregiver 11) . Expanding nurses roles Most participants experienced that nurses have a multidimensional role in rehabilitative care and they can act as team coordinators and educators for patients and their families. They were also regarded to be able to promote healthy lifestyle, advocate available recourses, nutrition, and medication, rehabilitative care recommendations to survivors and family caregivers, as well as prevention of stroke relapse. Nurses have a sense of advocacy and morale besides the care delivering, this is a fact, and I do emphasis that the role of nurses for patients is vital and important.(Family caregiver 3) Utilizing social insurance Participants regarded their friends or family members as the source of encouragement to seek social support. They experienced that social support from relatives, community and close personal relationship each has a beneficial effect in stroke patients life. The social support from them gave a sense of self-confidence and self-sufficiency in stroke survivors. Family caregivers expressed also that lack of assistant to care and insufficient social insurances for covering and receiving services from therapists caused the families a burden. The provision of social support was regarded to help the survivors to be enforced regarding the sense of belonging to others and also to friendship. During these times my family network visited and encouraged us to be happy and satisfied, I am so grateful to them because they come at my home to give a lift again.(Family caregiver 4). The cost of care and treatment that are extra in our life , if we had more support in advance, it would be more helpful and could be more effective.(Family caregiver 10). Acquiring knowledge and skills Family caregivers experienced lack of knowledge and skills to provide care for the survivors and deal with new situation; they perceived the need for information and education at their homes regarding transferring, lifting, feeding, drug taking and how to care I faced with lack of information and skills related to the event, the provision of supportive education is necessary for stroke survivors and their family caregivers from hospital to home , I dont know what to do (Family caregiver 12) Discussion The first author (AD) faced with some limitations in this study, such as cultural barriers to be accepted into the participants houses. The study shows that the need of continuity of care and rehabilitation services is pivotal for promotion of ADL and the health situation of stroke survivors and their family caregivers, after discharge from hospital. Depending on survivors situation, communication between family caregivers and rehabilitative care providers could be coordinated to improving rehabilitative care issue in order to achieve self-care and self-management. Even the social support from relatives was a strategy which was used and recommended by the family caregivers of stroke survivors. Thus, the delivery of continuous support and rehabilitative care is needed to reduce burden of care giving. Lack of continuity of rehabilitation was extracted as core concepts among data and concepts and related categories because family care givers have been following the process of receiving rehabilitation services for reducing physical disturbances; socio psychological limitation and help survivors to be self -independence ,they believed social insurance could involve these services at the survivors homes ,provide the transportations to rehabilitation centers and support nursing care and lay care givers for preventing of family burden. They experience that lack of these kinds of supports resulting in: cause less integrity and enduring among family members despite of their efforts and to incomplete rehabilitation services for stroke survivors. Family caregivers need many skills and have many difficulties associated with the involvement and tasks of care giving (Bakas et al 2004,p.243). Establishing comprehensive intervention programs in order to address the unique needs of individual family caregivers is emerging as a critical focus for research, as well as an important topic for policymakers, both in Iran and other countries. Han Haley (1999,p. 1479) also mean that stroke survivors have, besides of stroke and its complications, other diseases, such as diabetes, blood pressure, cardiovascular disorders, and even these needs to be taken into consideration in dietaries and drugs management. Our study participants expressed the need of education programs. Bakas et als study (2004,p.245) show that family caregivers have concerns about managing the symptoms and deficits of the stroke survivor. Lui Thompson 2005,p. 2515) indicate that teaching family caregivers to cope with these problems and to relieve their stress is essential. There is also some evidence that caregivers well-being affects even the health and recovery of stroke patients (ibid.). Our study findings show the same in Iranian context. Our study shows also that the home environments need to be modified, as the modifications can help the family caregiver to play their roles better and to have active daily lives. Vanhook (2009) found that that the quality and quantity modification in home environments depends on survivors condition although there is minimal consideration of the psychological, social, environmental needs during and after rehabilitation: when the survivor returns home, the environment is a foreign one (Vanhook, 2009 ,p.7). The participants in our study considered that there is need to expand the roles of nurses in rehabilitative care. As Steiner (2007) claims, nurses have a holistic approach through coordinating and integrating with other team members to deliver rehabilitation services for survivors and help caregivers to manage the situation. Besides, nurses are often the first to interact with the stroke patient in both acute care and intensive rehabilitation. Using evidence-based knowledge, the nurse has the responsibility to expand the nursing history to include such factors as previous cognitive state, previous perceptions of health status, present role within the family dynamic, previous self-concept, cultural influences, and relationships both personal and social. In our multicultural society, it is also imperative that we recognize and develop an understanding of the power of ethnicity as it relates to individuals health perception, thus affecting the recovery process. Steiner (2007,p.48-54) The participants in our study experienced that providing informations and appropriate education in responding to their needs, were the most important and valuable things which improve efficacy of these services. Family caregivers perceived that covering of rehabilitative services by social insurances agencies can help survivors and their family caregivers to get better rehabilitation facilities and improve functional performances. The social insurances can also reduce stress in the survivors situation by providing lay caregivers for helping family members.. Previous studies have examined the effect of different types of social support on functional recovery after stroke (Friedland McColl 1992, p.575), similarly to our study showed that social support from family, community and from close personal relationships each has a beneficial effect in stroke patients. As Shah (2006,p. 472) and Weimar et al. (2002,p. 2055) claim, the post stroke family support, financial status, and community resources should be evaluated to optimize successful return to the community. This study confirms the results of Oswald et al (2008,p.245) who found that stroke is expected to continue to be a major concern for survivors, their families and health and social care providers because stroke continues to affect the survivors and their family members life situation a long time. Besides, most stroke survivors live in the community and are assisted by family caregivers, especially by spouses. Stroke-related impairments and post stroke depression interfere with recovery and result in impaired relationships and reduced life satisfaction for the survivors and their spouses.By increasing the patients participation in rehabilitation, their ability to solve problems in ADL and to transfer knowledge to new situations we hope that patients and relatives satisfaction in daily life will increase. Conclusion The study illustrates that the family caregivers are stricken of the stroke because the providing care for stroke survivor in order to rehabilitate the survivor major engagement is needed from the family caregivers. Enhanced discharge planning and nurses follow-up with collaboration of stroke survivors families should be considered as essential in maintaining the well-being of the family caregivers and bridging the gap between the hospital and the community , reducing family burden ,receiving high quality of rehabilitative care and make decisions regarding their own life and care. Relevance to clinical practice There is a need to develop family caregivers abilities to provide care that is more suitable to survivors needs. Both educational practice and financial support should be provided to the stroke survivors and their family caregivers in order to enhance better coping in the difficult life situation. Social and emotional support should also be provided to minimize the family members burden and help them managing the consequences of stroke. Therefore, the Iranian Government should improve the social and financial support and order a social insurance for stroke survivors and their family caregivers both by public and private social insurance agencies. There is also a need for organizing and extending rehabilitation services in health programs for reducing physical dysfunction, thus helping the patients and their family caregivers to apply better role performances and encourage independency in activities of daily living. Further, a rehabilitation team should plan and focus on functional disturbance and social support. There is also a need to write a stroke rehabilitation protocol that coordinates team work. In this work, nurses experiences are highly needed. Funding: This study is funded by deputy of research at University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. Conflicts of Interest: The first researchers have no conflicts of interest regarding financial support and official affairs in this study.