Dream job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dream work - Essay Example I along these lines, must concede that I am so favored to have enthusiasm for something. This is electrical building. I love everything about electrical building, and I accept that my future in electrical designing is promising. I am driven by enthusiasm in my examinations, and I accept my affection for electrical designing will keep on profiting me from numerous points of view, presently and in future (Anderson 33). I recall my youth period when I grew up as an inquisitive kid, needing to know all that I had no clue about. I would watch my dad fix gadgets, including lights, and I would get keen on knowing why the machines had quit working, and how they were fixed. I am grateful that my dad showed restraint toward the obstinate me, and consistently took savor the experience of offering me definite clarifications of how he had fixed the apparatuses. This was instrumental, as consistently; I would get familiar with another thing. I grew up with this interest and curiosity, and I am hap py this helped me get a great deal of data about new things and ideas. At the point when I was of significant age, I discovered that my enthusiasm for electrical building was genuine. I told my folks one night that I would examine electrical designing when I grow up. My dad didn't protest, he applauded me and asserted that that was my thing. From that second, I got concentrated on electrical designing. ... he world, and that every day I will be anticipating discovering some new information, expands the inclination in me to know more, to appreciate an additional idea, and exceed expectations in electrical building. Consequently, my difficult work, devotion, and enthusiasm for this course will eventually take the world and me to the designing guidelines that we aim in future. All examination courses are significant on the planet today. Notwithstanding, I accept that electrical designing assumes an exceptional job and holds a unique spot in the worldwide economy today. This is the reason I appreciate the unmistakable committed electrical architects in this nation. I have consistently halted to think and envision how the world would be, if electrical designers never existed, or in the event that they out of nowhere surrendered their jobs. A short time later, I make sense of that if every single electrical architect were to evaporate from the world one day, a considerable lot of the things individuals rely upon would become non-existent or would out of nowhere quit working. This has consistently given me the pride to be an electrical architect really taking shape. Therefore, I am a roused individual, realizing that I am progressing nicely to my calling, and to a satisfying future. Electrical building is liable for forming skilled people to become fruitful electrical specialists. The electrical designers hold a unique spot in the public arena today. For example, these impact crafted by mechanics and circuit testers, by guaranteeing everything, including things, for example, circuits, is set up, before the mechanics and circuit repairmen begin working contraptions, vehicles, among other electrical apparatuses. What's more, numerous homes, workplaces, shopping centers, medical clinics, schools, among others need an electrical architect to guarantee that everything runs as expected. Electrical designers by and large offer significant types of assistance in the public aren a, which guarantee that all

Rainforests1 Essay Example For Students

Rainforests1 Essay The Civil War that endured from 1861 to 1877 was fundamentally brought about by the separating society between the North and the South. The North and the South had various objectives. There were numerous components that prompted the war and the central ones were political and financial contrasts between the North and the South. The Norths animosity to control the South had prompted where it was excruciating. The issue on subjugation was one of the reason for the Civil War. Subjection and slave exchanges had become a major piece of the Souths economy. The slaves were expected to take a shot at ranches which helped the South succeeded. During the nineteenth Century, the North buckled down on abrogating bondage which they thought was a disrespect to the Union. Bargains were proposed moving in the direction of a conclusion to servitude. One of the trade offs was the Missouri Compromise which made Maine, a free state, and Missouri, a slave state, barred servitude from Louisiana Territory and everything over the 36 30 north scope. Different trade offs, for example, the Compromise of 1850 did satisfy the two sides. The Compromise included conceding California as a free state and interstate slave exchange to be annulled which went for the North. The Compromise likewise went with the South when it included progressively exacting outlaw slave laws and New Mexico and Utah were made without slave limitations. A book called, Uncle Toms Cabin was additionally distributed right now accentuating the shades of malice of servitude. This additional strain between the North and the South. The trade offs appeared to have settled the issue of servitude however it was simply returning the issue. The North and the South were a long way from settling the slave issue. Another explanation that made the South do battle was the distinction in financial arrangements. The North was growing more in the business and mechanical side while the South was dependent on agribusiness. Urban areas and manufacturing plants had created in the North and in the South; it was as yet staple delivering and agrarian. The Norths business was starting to overwhelm its economy while the South was still mostly dependent on agribusiness. The South just delivered produced merchandise for utilization and the North had the option to send out made products. The expenses and tax was out of line toward the South. The Tariff Act of 1832 put high import charges on all European fabricated products which was set up to secure the Northern enterprises. The Souths response to the Act was a danger to withdraw from the Union. Railways were additionally worked to bond the northern level of states. This made transportation simpler in the Northeast than in the South. The Northeast exchanged with the West while the South can exchange just via ocean. Wantto advance the business of the New England states, to the detriment of the individuals of the South and their industry In legislative issues, the North had a bit of leeway over the South. The North was more populated than the South and the South just tallied slaves, which was huge piece of their populaces as 1/3 of an individual. Since the House of Representative depended on populace portrayal, the expanding populace in the North gave them a major greater part over the South. In the North, they emphatically accept that larger part decides and that they should make and execute the laws. This can be found in the Lincoln-Douglas political decision when they were the top picks in the political decision. They are both from the North and the South needed Douglas to win since he was for well known power. At long last, Lincoln won in light of the fact that the Democratic Party was separated and the Southerners was simply dwarfed. There were valid justifications that the South entered the war. The North had been going over the line, attempting to remove their state rights. The South needed to go to bat for themselves and battle for their ethical rights. .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae , .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae .postImageUrl , .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae , .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae:hover , .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae:visited , .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae:active { border:0!important; } .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae:active , .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae:hover { darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uef2656d68ad2f 1386fc79ca120b849ae .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uef2656d68ad2f1386fc79ca120b849ae:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Swot and Pest Analysis on Hotel Industry Essay The South, which was reliant on subjection, would have been crushed if servitude was annulled. The succeeding North was attempting to control the greater part of the South for their own capital advantages. This war was not battled on the organization of subjugation yet on keeping up the Southern civilization.Bibliography:

Howards End The Idealist of Modernism - Literature Essay Samples

Though it is universally acknowledged that art is subjective, literary critic and philosopher Georg Lukacs offered his opinions on what form art ought to take. In his essay â€Å"The Ideology of Modernism,† Lukacs wrote negatively against the modernist movement in literature. He describes traditional art as assuming that there is meaning to human existence (1229), whereas modern literature and art is devoid of substance and meaning, or worse, it promotes an ideal and neglects reality. He states, â€Å"in realistic literature, each descriptive detail is both individual and typical. Modern allegory, and modernist ideology, however, deny the typical† (1230). Lukacs does not see human existence reflected back through modernist art. As a result of this, Lukacs concludes â€Å"modernism means not the enrichment, but the negation of art† (1232). E. M. Forster wrote his acclaimed Howards End right at a transitional period from traditional Edwardian literature towards lit erary modernism. Forster writes with the effect to allow the reader to be exposed to and explore modernist ideals behind the safety of tradition. As a result, his novel overwhelmingly reads as a traditional novel, with modernist concerns embodied by certain characters. Howards End represents the transitional period it finds itself in through its vastly different characters. The Schlegel sisters represent an upper middle class that is able to fit into both an elitist, capitalist society, embodied by the Wilcox family, and a lower class, but modernist way of thinking through Leonard Bast. As much as the Wilcox family represents elitism and â€Å"old money,† Leonard Bast fits the description offered by Lukacs of a modernist man. Lukacs explains that, â€Å"The ontological view governing the image of man in the work of leading modernist writers is†¦this. Man, for these writers, is by nature solitary, asocial, unable to enter into relationships with other human beings† (1219). In Howards End, Bast encounters such difficulties with his relationships with others and his attempts to climb the social ladder. From his natural distrust of others, whether this fear is warranted or not, his consistently finding himself in situations he doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t want to be in with people he does not want to be with, even feeling â€Å"trapped† in his marriage, the reader is continuously told that Bast has an inability to form normal social relationships or to â€Å"fit in† with society, even though it does not seem to be for lack of trying. According to Lukacs, modernism is a form that attempts to capture the demise of capitalism by its focus on individual alienation from society and fellow man. He explains, â€Å"Man is reduced to a sequence of unrelated experiential fragments; he is as inexplicable to others as to himself† (1222). Conversely, Lukacs sees realism as the form of writing that offers a true portrait of man in relation to their socio economic standing while rooting them accurately in a historical setting. Traditional literature places a character within context, yet the absence of place is a trend in modernist literature. Lukacs explains, â€Å"By destroying the complex tissue of man’s relations with his environment, it furthers the dissolution of personality† (1223). However, Forster’s text does not destroy potential problems the characters may feel with their environment, in fact, his text highlights the importance of place for all characters, many of whom have their identitie s entangled with their homesteads. In Howards End, both the upper class Shelegels and the lower class Bast experience a lack of place, in both physical homesteads, and through blurred class identities. These feelings of disillusionment are reflective of the re-urbanization of London, and the loneliness felt by its inhabitants as a result. The narrator of Howards End describes the city with the following scene: A block of flats, constructed with extreme cheapness, towered on either hand. Farther down the road two more blocks were being built, and beyond these an old house was being demolished to create another pair. It was the kind of scene that may be observed all over London†¦ bricks and mortar rising and falling the relentlessness of the water in a fountain, as the city receives more and more men upon her soil. (41) Howards End makes modernist commentary on the disintegration of London. Old buildings are demolished to make room for an expanding middle class, and it negatively affects the characters that are currently situated in upper middle class and high class society. Describing London, Margaret Schlegel notes that, â€Å"the population still rose, but what was the quality of the men born† (99) and later decries â€Å"I hate this continual flux of London. It is an epitome of us at our worst- eternal formlessness; all the qualities, good and bad, and indifferent, streaming away†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (167). Though Ms. Schlegel is an upper middle class woman, she will find herself married to an elite man by the end of the novel. It is fitting, therefore, that she finds the socioeconomic unrest in London to be an unstable setting for her, as it allegorically represents economic shifts taking place in her own life. In addition to removing the character from a significant setting, modernist literature wipes away a character’s unique history. Lukacs explains, â€Å"Negation of history takes two different forms in modernist literature. First, the hero is strictly confined within the limits of his own experience†¦ Secondly, the hero himself is without personal history. He is ‘thrown-into-the-world,’ meaninglessly†¦(Lukacs 1220).† In Howards End, characters are shaped by their history, class, money, and politics. An overview of the last ten years of Margaret’s life is provided by the narrator, who asserts â€Å"surely, if experience is attainable, she had attained it† (67). Even Leonard Bast has hints of a history, though his character is the one that appears most â€Å"thrown into the world,† his helplessness evokes sympathy and drives the plot. Forster does not remove characters from their history, although his modern London often coincides with a modernist one, and his characters learn the hard way that history cannot compete with the present moment, which is all there is in modernism. Perhaps the most notable characteristic of modernism is how the movement addresses the idea of potentiality. According to Lukacs, â€Å"Potentiality, seen abstractly or subjectively- is richer than actual life†¦ Modern subjectivism, taking these imagined possibilities for actual complexity of life, oscillates between melancholy and fascination† (1220). While Lukacs condemns modernism for its inability to appreciate â€Å"real† life, he discounts the fact that melancholy, nostalgia, and anxiety of the future are all real experiences of the human condition, and should be regarded as so in literature. Forster uses his traditional characters to speak against this idea of potentiality by removing some of the glamor from the elite Wilcox family. According to Helen Schlegel, â€Å"I felt for a moment that the whole Wilcox family was a fraud, just a wall of newspapers and motor-cars and golf-clubs, and that if it fell I should find nothing behind it but panic and emptines s† (21). Here Helen attributes the Wilcox’s material possessions and class as a smoke screen, hiding the real human fears and emotions the family has buried. The family uses their materialism to mask the experience of living actual life, unable to communicate or relate to one another. The Schlegels, one step lower economically than the Wilcox family, are able to see that the grass is not always greener, and with a modern sensibility they see living up to ones potentiality as potentially empty. Modernism alone does not simply root an individual in a state of dissatisfaction and unrest, and heroes of traditional literature experience the same desires that Lukacs discredits as casualties of modernist potentiality. In Howards End, Leonard Bast best exemplifies this unrest and desire for potentiality from a modern perspective. Internally Bast laments, â€Å"Oh, to acquire culture!.. But it would take one years†¦ how was it possible to catch up with leisured women, who had been reading steadily from childhood? (34),† and he is able to admit to himself that he will never quite reach that potential. Of course, one issue holding him back is the fact that he was not raised with money. Money undoubtedly effects potential. The Schlegel sisters understand this, seen with the following statement. Margaret comments, â€Å"But Helen and I, we ought to remember, when we are tempted to criticize others†¦ the poor cannot always reach those whom they want to love, and they c an hardly ever escape from those whom they love no longer. We rich can† (54). Both modernist Bast and the traditional Schlegel’s must acknowledge the role that money, or lack thereof, plays an enormous role throughout their lives. The rich are privileged in their wealth, and the poor are truly in want of it. The narrator describes Leonard Bast’s unrest with his socioeconomic position in life. He is written as â€Å"inferior to most rich people†¦ not as courteous as the average rich man, nor as intelligent, nor as healthy, nor as loveable. His mind and his body had alike been underfed, because he was poor, and because he was modern they were always craving better food† (40). Bast fails to reach his â€Å"potential† as a condition of being modern. The narrator seems to be commenting that this drive for â€Å"something more† seems to be the exact thing that holds his character back. Despite his attempts to fall into the right crowd socially, make the right career moves, and to find love, nothing goes exactly the way Bast had planned, he often seems lost and out of control of his own life. This too falls in with Lukacs ideas of modernism, and the critic explains that â€Å"As the ideology of most modernist writers assert the unalterability of outward reality†¦ human activity is†¦rendered impotent and robbed of meaning† (1227). Though Bast more represents the â€Å"modernist man† in Howards End, other characters in seem to find humanity lacking in importance, especially the wealthy. Of Mrs. Wilcox, the narrator notes that her voice â€Å"suggested that pictures, concerts, and people are all of small and equal value† (63). Additionally, Margaret states, â€Å"I believe we shall come to care about people less and less, Helen. The more people one knows the easier it becomes to replace them. It’s one of the curses of London† (119). In Forster’s novel, human activity is only lacking importance when one is wealthy enough to afford to see life as meaningless. In that case the individual, something so important to the modernis t man, is replaceable, and even worse, a commodity to collect. Lukacs may fall somewhere in between when examining the text of Howards End as an Edwardian or modernist piece, however, it is important to note some of the downfalls of his theories on modernism. His belief that writing must be written realistically in order to accurately portray man does not allow for change, growth, or the evolution of the written word. It pigeon holds the artist and humanity creatively, and artist have always charismatically rallied against having rules imposed on them when it comes to their art. Without the freedom to break rules, novels like Howards End would never get written. Though it is arguable where Forster’s loyalties really lie, he writes his characters in a way that embodies many voices that were in a â€Å"modernist† London. Perhaps Forster’s overall views on capitalism and elitism are summed up in a passage near the end of Howards End. The narrator states, â€Å"†¦the Imperialist is not what he thinks or seems. He is a destroyer. He prepares the way for cosmopolitanism, and though his ambitions may be fulfilled, the earth he inherits will be grey† (300). Forster and Lukacs both interpret the materialist world the modernist man inhabits as a bleak and unfulfilling one driven by capitalism. Assuming the unnamed narrator is Forster’s voice of reason interjecting into the story, the reader hears the same message Lukacs delivered in his essay. Materialism is unfulfilling, elitism is empty, modernism is riddled with flaws, and ye t the unrest within tradition cannot be ignored. Forster presented such topics hidden behind the veil of a traditional novel, allowing readers to become exposed to modernist sentiment, perhaps whether they realized it or not. References Forster, E.M. Howards End. 2013: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, London. Lukacs, Gyorgy. â€Å"The Ideology of Modernism.† The Novel: An Anthology of Criticism and Theory 1900-2000. Ed. Dorothy J. Hale. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 394-412.

At the nightclub Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The volume of the music inside was extremely loud, and I was unable to hear anything else except for some yelling of people to be heard. I found the music was very interesting as it wasn’t repetitive. There were so many different kinds of music played by the DJ such as hip-hop, pop, disco and pop-rock. Club guards were everywhere. They looked scary because of their size and were wearing black suits. Some were even holding weapons. They were using scouts to make sure everything was safe in the dark, and that there was no underage drinking. Some more steps forward, I faced the bar. It was decorated with dim lighting and different-colored chairs. There were many people sitting, but not as much I thought. I sat on one of the bars chairs, and I ordered bottled water. While I was sitting and watching people around, there was something that drew my attention. People seemed to know each other. Perhaps it was because they always come to the club. Folks kept smiling and trying to start conversation each other. We will write a custom essay sample on At the nightclub or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now On my left, there was a girl sitting alone on one of the bars chairs. I assumed that she was a foreigner too because of skin color was brown. She was wearing a black short dress and carrying a red fancy bag. She was talking to someone on her phone, and shouting. It seemed that she was nervous, because she kept yelling and she didnt smile. I was not able to hear what she was saying, because of the loud music. I was looking at her because she was the only person in the club who was not smiling, and not enjoying her time. After she finished her call, she looked at me because I was alone too. A few minutes later, she asked me, â€Å" Did you come alone? † I said, "Yes, I just came by myself. What about you? " She said "I came with my boyfriend to celebrate his birthday, but he forgot his ID, so they didnt let him come in" I said " Ohh†¦. sorry about that, and Happy Birthday to him! " She smiled and replied, "Its ok. Thank you so much" I said "You are welcome. " She asked me, "Why did you come alone? " I answered, " This my first visit to a night club in America, and I wanted to see it by myself. † She exclaimed, "Really? !!! Hope you enjoy it! " I said, "Yes I like it so much, specially the music. Its awesome! " She finally said, " Nice to meet you. † I replied, "Nice to meet you too". While I was talking to the girl, I was listening to different kinds of music. The voice was coming from upstairs. I decided to figure that out, and went directly to the stairs.

The Change in All Things Conservative - 1526 Words

The â€Å"Roaring Twenties† was the beginning of change for America, from the economy to the society and culture. A few months after World War 1, the 18th Amendment took effect in the United States, which began the prohibition and a spark for change in the lives of the people. The simplistic way of living was no longer used in the urban cities; life had changed from its conservative moral values to a more carefree â€Å"live as you please† type of mentality. Due to this change in mental state, the priorities of the people changed and seemed to center on illegal alcohol, liberalism, and money. This made it possible for the arrival of a new culture. The transition into a new culture began with the introduction of a new law. The 18th Amendment made†¦show more content†¦They began smoking and drinking in public and openly talking about sex (Klor 441), which before was not the proper etiquette for women was now the new liberated way of thinking. Along with the libe rated thinking and the cutting of the hair to a more boyish style, women also began bootlegging. Women had the liberty to be who they wanted to be, which in deed they did. Women began taking part in the men’s game which seemed to be risky and dangerous. They were often seen differently as male bootleggers. Due to the fact that it would be easier in court for women, the police were easier on women (O’Donnell). This shows that women of the time may have been taking advantage of the fact that they were still seen as vulnerable fragile women who couldn’t fend for themselves. Seeing that society still saw them this way could have lend to a further â€Å"rebellion† of wanting such radical change. Not only did women change in their physical appearance and on the outside but also on the inside, in the home. The birth rate had begun to drop in a slightly faster rate than before due to the introduction of the first birth-control clinic (Klor 442). Due to technolo gy and the rise of commercial production, women had more time to spend with family or time to spend on themselves. Along with this came a spirit of rebellion from the teens, this left mothers to juggle work, family, and the added stress of foolishness. The rebellious spirit was a popularShow MoreRelatedPresident Roosevelt and the New Deal1454 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States in a state of major depression, the Great Depression. FDR was elected for his ideas of change through the new deal, and the thought of hope had given to Americans. Roosevelt knew that a change was needed and was willing to go to tremendous measures to try to bring back the American economy, give jobs, and to keep democracy going on strong. 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Today I will explain how political science class has influenced my political ideology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When this class initially began I was sure, without a doubt I was a conservative. As the semester progressedRead MoreEssay about The New Side of the News Media1040 Words   |  5 Pagesterms conservatives and liberals came to be. People consider conservatives to be Republicans and liberals to be Democrats. News sources like the New York Times and MSNBC are liberal, while Fox News and the National Review are conservative. Liberals tend to believe in gay rights, for abortion, no guns, and centralising the government; although, conservatives like the ideas opposing the liberals. Liberals and Conservatives also have another name: Liberals are called â€Å"Left Wing† and Conservatives are

Nationalism In South Africa Essay Example For Students

Nationalism In South Africa Essay Category:HistoryPaper Title:AfricaText:SENEGALThe current discourse on Africas political corruption, poverty andenvironment has emerged from a convergence of international and regionalcritiques about the future of African trade and economic prospects. Recent yearshave witnessed a considerable resurgence of interest in African Development,although it is difficult to impose any precise link, much of the attention hasbeen generated by the events surrounding the transition and transformation ofMandrels South Africa. There doesnt seem to be any consensus on the best way to deal with the manyproblems that are affecting development in certain African countries. However,most scholars agree that the primary underlying causes that affect internationalpolitical will to invest in Africas future must be controlled before thisglorious continent can reach its full potential. I want to argue that thecorruption, poverty, environment nexus is what went wrong after Africa wasdecolonalized; I will focus on Senegal in particular. Senegal is located on the West Coast of Africa. The French gained possessionof Senegal in 1840 and made it part of French West Africa. In 1946, togetherwith other parts of French West Africa Senegal became an overseas territory ofFrance. In 1956 Senegal gained internal self-government from France and in 1959the country joined the Federation of Mali. On August 20 1960 Senegal withdrewfrom the federation and became the independent Republic of Senegal with LeopoldSenghor as President. In 1970 President Senghor appointed Abdou Diouf as PrimeMinister and in 1976 a new constitution was introduced which committed thecountry to a multiparty democratic system of government but also limited thenumber of parties to three. This parliamentary style democracy with socialistleanings offers the right to vote to anyone over 18 years old and aconstitutional guarantee of equality before the law, which is based on theFrench civil law system. In January 1981 Senghor retired and Diouf was appointedPreside nt, in 1983, 1988 and 1993 Diouf was re-elected with 58% of the votegoing to his Socialist Party or PS (atlapedia.com). The ethnic composition ofSenegal is diverse with the principal ethnic group the Wolof who account for 44%of the 9,723,149 population (1998). The official language is French, althoughonly about 12% of the population can speak it. Around 94% of the population areSunni Muslims, while 5% are Roman Catholic. As of 1970, 95% of the people overthe age of 6 had no formal schooling, however as of 1995, 33% of the populationage 15 and over could read and write. Senegal is about the size of South Dakota and has a tropical climate with awet season from May to November and dry season from December to April. Whilesevere droughts during the late 1960s and 1970s seriously damaged the economyand caused widespread famine the 1993 Gross National Product was $5,867,000,000with public debt registering around $3,011,000,000, however debt decreasedslightly in 1996 to $3.7 billion. Only 2.4% of the Gross National Productaccount for military expenditure. The main exports ($968 million, 1995) to theU.S., Western European countries, African neighbors, Japan, China, and India arecotton, fish nuts, oil and petroleum. Imports of consumer goods, foodstuffs, transport equipment and petroleumaccount for $1.22 billion dollars. Less than 35% of the population areeconomically active in the major industries of agriculture, fishing, fertilizerproduction and mining. History

The letter box Essay Example

The letter box Paper John Searles Chinese room argument attempts to explain the difference between working machines and the human mind. Let us imagine that an English speaking man who knows no other language has been put in a small room. On the wall is a letter box and on the floor is a book of rules and a note pad. Every so often a piece of paper with Chinese writing is passed through the letterbox. The rulebook explains how to process the writing, it tells the man to copy certain characters onto the note pad. Thebook gives a code informing the man what should be written according to what is on the paper initially sent through the letter box. Once he has decoded the message he sends the reply back through the letterbox as an answer to the questions he received, obeying the rules contained in the book. As time goes by the man becomes more and more accomplished at his job. To a Chinese onlooker it would seem that the person in the room was a fluent Chinese speaker. Searle compares the activity of this man to the activity of a machine or computer. The man did not need to understand the Chinese to be able to give a perfect answer. In this way the computer does not understand or comprehend what it is doing, it only processes information. We will write a custom essay sample on The letter box specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The letter box specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The letter box specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Searle said that the man (and hence machine) lacked intentionality and possessed only a syntactical ability as opposed to a semantic one. This means that the machine is unable to be aware of the meaning of the information it processes even though it uses correct grammar to communicate with. Simply producing output in response to input according to certain rules does not constitute human thought. Searle uses this argument to refute the so-called Strong Artificial Intelligence position of some thinkers who believe that computer language does more than just represent human thought (via programming); rather, it really is human thought. A thought experiment arguing against Searles reasoning and supporting Strong AI is the Turing test. Alan Turing, who helped develop the first modern computers, claimed that in future years it could be possible to create a machine that had a mind. Turing imagined the following: There is an interrogator, a machine and a person. The interrogator is positioned in a separate room to the machine and the person. The person and machine are labelled either x or y, the interrogator is unaware which is x and which is y. The interrogator must ask x and y questions, his aim is to guess which is the machine and which is the person. The aim of the machine is to make the interrogator guess that the person is in fact the machine; the objective for the person is to help cause the interrogator to guess correctly. Turing believed that in the future it would be quite conceivable for a machine to trick the interrogator more than seventy percent of the time. Turing believed that this proved machines were capable of thinking. The problem with this argument is that just because the computer is capable of fooling the interrogator into believing it is human does not directly correspond to the conclusion that the machine is a thinking thing. It seems more likely that the computer has merely been programmed with the correct answers to use and in reality has no understanding of what his answers actually mean. Professor Jefferson argued, Not until a machine can write a sonnet or compose a concerto because of thoughts and emotions felt, and not by the chance fall of symbols, could we agree that machine equals brain-that is, not only write it but know that it had written it. No mechanism could feel (and not merely artificially signal, an easy contrivance) pleasure at its successes, grief when its valves fuse, be warmed by flattery, be made miserable by its mistakes, be charmed by sex, be angry or depressed when it cannot get what it wants. 3 Having awareness and knowledge of the content and meaning of thought is what Searle describes as intentionality and is a feature of human thinking which machines could never replicate because of their very nature as fabricated, artificial entities. In conclusion, I feel that it seems impossible for machines to ever have minds. The mind appears to be a purely metaphysical thing that could not be transplanted into a machine. Furthermore the process that a machine goes through is not thought but programming. Everything the machine knows comes from the maker. To say that machines have minds is like saying that even if an evil daemon controlled and planted every thought in our heads, we would still be free thinking beings with conscious minds. Personally I find it hard to conceive the monist approach, though some attempts are made to explain the mind from a monist perspective, which nonetheless gives the mind a special position that could not merely be recreated by fabricated, artificial machines. Such an approach is taken by those who see the mind as an emergent property of the physical composition of the body (specifically brain). A single molecule of water could not be wet or hot or cold; it is only on combining with many millions of molecules in a complex bundle that properties emerge that we associate with water. So with the mind our freedom and intentionality emerge from the very complex arrangement of our organic bodies, which are unique to humans and animals and could not be shared by machines. For most people using an argument from common sense it feels that our minds are free and unattached to our physical bodies. I therefore conclude that a purely physical man-made machine can never have a real mind of its own. And thus in reality it would make it impossible for James the Red Engines thought4 and emotions to actually exist.